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{"kind":"node","id":"term:grounding","type":"Term","term":"Grounding","definition":"Grounding is the step that ties a generated answer to retrieved source documents, so the response reflects — and can cite — specific material rather than the model's parameters alone. The UK's CMA treats it as a distinct use of publisher content, separate from training and fine-tuning.","updated":"2026-08-08","url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/glossary/grounding/"}
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{"kind":"item","id":"item:2026-08-20-google-lets-publishers-embed-a-preferred-sources-button","type":"Item","title":"Google lets publishers embed a Preferred Sources button","published":"2026-08-20T19:34:49.890Z","source":"TechCrunch AI","source_url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/08/20/google-gives-publishers-a-new-way-to-fight-ai-driven-traffic-losses/","url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/item/2026-08-20-google-lets-publishers-embed-a-preferred-sources-button/"}
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{"kind":"item","id":"item:2026-08-20-pew-finds-a-third-of-post-chatgpt-webpages-show-ai-authorship","type":"Item","title":"Pew finds a third of post-ChatGPT webpages show AI authorship","published":"2026-08-20T17:32:34.449Z","source":"TechCrunch AI","source_url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/08/20/a-third-of-webpages-published-since-chatgpts-launch-show-signs-of-ai-authorship-study-finds/","url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/item/2026-08-20-pew-finds-a-third-of-post-chatgpt-webpages-show-ai-authorship/"}
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{"kind":"item","id":"item:2026-08-20-anthropic-adds-first-amendment-defense-in-gilbert-suit","type":"Item","title":"Anthropic adds First Amendment defense in Gilbert suit","published":"2026-08-20T17:21:53.329Z","source":"Chat GPT Is Eating the World","source_url":"https://chatgptiseatingtheworld.com/2026/08/20/anthropic-files-amended-answer-to-gilberts-copyright-complaint-anthropic-adds-first-amendment-defense-additional-allegations-for-counterclaim-of-non-infringement-based-on-fair-use/","url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/item/2026-08-20-anthropic-adds-first-amendment-defense-in-gilbert-suit/"}
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{"kind":"item","id":"item:2026-08-20-musicians-union-drops-warner-but-not-umg-from-ai-suit","type":"Item","title":"Musicians union drops Warner but not UMG from AI suit","published":"2026-08-20T17:21:53.329Z","source":"Chat GPT Is Eating the World","source_url":"https://chatgptiseatingtheworld.com/2026/08/20/american-federation-of-musicians-drops-its-suit-v-warner-but-not-universal-music-group/","url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/item/2026-08-20-musicians-union-drops-warner-but-not-umg-from-ai-suit/"}
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{"kind":"item","id":"item:2026-08-19-authors-amend-anthropic-suit-add-claims-against-amodei","type":"Item","title":"Authors amend Anthropic suit, add claims against Amodei","published":"2026-08-19T23:52:08.007Z","source":"Chat GPT Is Eating the World","source_url":"https://chatgptiseatingtheworld.com/2026/08/19/shakespeare-adds-more-plaintiffs-allegations-v-dario-amodei-and-contributory-infringement-claim-v-amodei-benjamin-mann/","url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/item/2026-08-19-authors-amend-anthropic-suit-add-claims-against-amodei/"}
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{"kind":"item","id":"item:2026-07-20-publishers-file-class-action-over-books-used-to-train-gemini","type":"Item","title":"Publishers file class action over books used to train Gemini","published":"2026-07-20T05:08:06.557Z","source":"Search Engine Journal","source_url":"https://www.searchenginejournal.com/google-faces-class-action-over-books-used-to-train-gemini/582708/","url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/item/2026-07-20-publishers-file-class-action-over-books-used-to-train-gemini/"}
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{"kind":"item","id":"item:2026-07-20-researchers-propose-framework-for-agent-ready-websites","type":"Item","title":"Researchers propose framework for 'agent-ready' websites","published":"2026-07-20T05:08:06.557Z","source":"arXiv GEO","source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.12056v1","url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/item/2026-07-20-researchers-propose-framework-for-agent-ready-websites/"}
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{"kind":"item","id":"item:2026-07-20-search-console-adds-generative-ai-performance-reports","type":"Item","title":"Search Console adds Generative AI performance reports","published":"2026-07-20T05:08:06.557Z","source":"Google Search Central Blog","source_url":"https://developers.google.com/search/blog/2026/06/gen-ai-performance-reports","url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/item/2026-07-20-search-console-adds-generative-ai-performance-reports/"}
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{"kind":"item","id":"item:2026-07-20-top-stories-carousel-now-live-inside-google-ai-overviews","type":"Item","title":"Top Stories carousel now live inside Google AI Overviews","published":"2026-07-20T05:08:06.557Z","source":"Search Engine Land","source_url":"https://searchengineland.com/top-stories-roll-out-in-google-ai-overviews-482615","url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/item/2026-07-20-top-stories-carousel-now-live-inside-google-ai-overviews/"}
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{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-01-sistrix-chatgpt-replaces-74-of-its-cited-sources-every-week:74","type":"Figure","fig":"74%","claim":"Share of its cited sources ChatGPT Search replaces every week, against 56% for Google, across 82,619 prompts re-sampled weekly for 17 weeks (1,548,213 snapshots, six countries) in a SISTRIX study — with a stable core of a few domains present for 86% of prompts and everything outside it rotating at 89% per week.","asof":"2026-05","source":"SISTRIX","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"single-source"}
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{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-01-sistrix-chatgpt-replaces-74-of-its-cited-sources-every-week:83","type":"Figure","fig":"83%","claim":"Share of the time Google AI Overviews and Google AI Mode cite different domains for the same prompt, per SISTRIX — two surfaces from one company that agree on source selection less than a fifth of the time, so a citation-share number measured on one is not a reading of the other.","asof":"2026-05","source":"SISTRIX","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"single-source"}
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{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-01-sistrix-chatgpt-replaces-74-of-its-cited-sources-every-week:1-4","type":"Figure","fig":"1.4%","claim":"Share of news articles cited as sources that remained permanently in the citation set across 17 weeks of weekly re-sampling, per SISTRIX — for a publisher an AI citation behaves less like an asset that accrues than a placement that expires. By contrast, 43% of brand queries kept the brand's own domain present in all 17 weeks while its co-citations rotated at 70% per week.","asof":"2026-05","source":"SISTRIX","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"single-source"}
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{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-07-23-ahrefs-ranks-the-50-most-cited-domains-across-four-ai-surfaces:21-1","type":"Figure","fig":"21.1%","claim":"YouTube's mention share in Google AI Overviews — the most-cited domain, ahead of Reddit (18.5%), Facebook (10.7%), Google itself (7.1%) and Instagram (5.8%).","asof":"2026-07","source":"Ahrefs","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"unchecked"}
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{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-07-23-google-is-ai-mode-s-second-most-cited-domain-new-data-shows:2","type":"Figure","fig":"#2","claim":"Google's own rank among the most-cited domains in AI Mode answers, driven by Google-hosted Business Profile and Product Knowledge Panel cards.","asof":"2026-07","source":"Search Engine Journal","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-07-23-google-is-ai-mode-s-second-most-cited-domain-new-data-shows:2","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-07-23-google-is-ai-mode-s-second-most-cited-domain-new-data-shows"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-07-29-analysis-most-ai-search-demand-still-has-no-clear-chatgpt-category:89-3","type":"Figure","fig":"89.3%","claim":"Share of estimated ChatGPT search demand sitting in categories with no single clearly leading brand — only 15.2% of 1,094 categories analyzed have one, per a Kevin Indig analysis of six months of Semrush citation data; the most-cited domain matched the most-mentioned brand only 20.8% of the time.","asof":"2026-07","source":"Search Engine Journal","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"unchecked"}
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{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-07-29-pillarbase-study-15-7-million-ai-mode-citations-show-what-google:76","type":"Figure","fig":"76%","claim":"Share of AI Mode passages reused 100 or more times that come from pages already ranking #1 organically, per a Pillarbase study of 15.7 million citations; the most-recycled passages average 117 words, answer in the first sentence about 80% of the time, and are self-contained about 85% of the time.","asof":"2026-07","source":"Search Engine Land","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-07-29-pillarbase-study-15-7-million-ai-mode-citations-show-what-google:76","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-07-29-pillarbase-study-15-7-million-ai-mode-citations-show-what-google"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-07-29-writesonic-study-finds-ai-engines-often-skip-naming-source-brands:52","type":"Figure","fig":"52%","claim":"Perplexity's rate of \"ghost citations\" — pulling from content without naming the source brand — the highest of seven engines Writesonic measured, followed by Google AI Mode (49%), AI Overviews (41%), ChatGPT (37%), Gemini (25%), Grok (22%) and Microsoft Copilot (19%), across roughly 16 million brand appearances.","asof":"2026-07","source":"Search Engine Land","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"single-source"}
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{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-07-30-study-finds-ai-models-search-more-often-for-brands-they-already-know:3-2x","type":"Figure","fig":"3.2x","claim":"How much more often AI models searched for brands they already knew versus unfamiliar ones (55.7% vs. 17.4%) across 66 U.S. buyer prompts tested on ChatGPT, Gemini and Claude; 63% of brand-specific searches surfaced one of each model's five most-familiar brands.","asof":"2026-07","source":"Search Engine Land","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"single-source"}
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{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-01-study-ties-ai-answer-trust-directly-to-the-news-brands-it-cites:90","type":"Figure","fig":"90%+","claim":"Trust in an AI-generated answer when it cites a fully trusted news source, per an AOP/Ipsos survey of 1,000 UK adults — versus about 25% for a neutral source and roughly 10% for a distrusted one; 37% of respondents (45% among ages 45-54) didn't realize AI tools can fabricate sources.","asof":"2026-07","source":"Press Gazette AI","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"unchecked"}
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{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-06-ai-mode-citation-mix-shifts-from-publishers-toward-retail-products:15-of-20","type":"Figure","fig":"15 of 20","claim":"Verticals where Google AI Mode's citation mix shifted from publishers toward retailers over the 30 days ending July 15, 2026 — publisher mentions fell nearly in half while mentions of retailers like Home Depot and Wayfair roughly tripled and quadrupled respectively, per Kevin Indig's Growth Memo analysis of the Search Signals Index; AI Mode's overall mention volume contracted 12.9% over the same window while AI Overviews held flat.","asof":"2026-08","source":"Growth Memo (Kevin Indig)","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"unchecked"}
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{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-06-study-ties-ai-citation-likelihood-to-how-recently-a-page-was-updated:72-vs-42","type":"Figure","fig":"72% vs. 42%","claim":"Share of AI-cited pages that looked fresh by last-modified date versus by original publish date, among 4,124 pages with both dates in a Seer Interactive analysis of 47,097 citations across ChatGPT, Gemini and Perplexity — refreshed old pages outcited newly published ones. Overall, 75% of cited pages had been updated within the past year, 88% within two years; recency requirements varied by engine (Gemini 78%, ChatGPT 73%, Perplexity 65%).","asof":"2026-07","source":"Seer Interactive","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"single-source"}
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{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-10-ugc-platforms-outcite-review-sites-in-chatgpt-answers:17-1","type":"Figure","fig":"17.1%","claim":"UGC/community platforms' share of domains cited in ChatGPT answers to SaaS buying queries — more than four times publishers' 4.0% and ahead of review platforms (7.4% at discovery to 13.2% at evaluation) at every buyer-journey stage, with Wikipedia alone accounting for 10.1 to 14.0 of the 17.1 points, per a Growth Memo analysis of roughly 35,000 citation URLs tracked in Profound over December 2025.","asof":"2026-08","source":"Growth Memo (Kevin Indig)","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-10-ugc-platforms-outcite-review-sites-in-chatgpt-answers:17-1","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-10-ugc-platforms-outcite-review-sites-in-chatgpt-answers"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-11-study-ai-assistants-favor-brands-with-better-sounding-names:85th-vs-17th-percentile","type":"Figure","fig":"85th vs. 17th percentile","claim":"Favorability percentile on OpenAI's GPT 5.6 Terra for real brands with positive- versus negative-sounding names in a controlled test, per a Peec AI analysis of 904 companies across ChatGPT, Gemini, AI Overviews, AI Mode and Copilot — well-known brands like Discord and Slack were unaffected.","asof":"2026-08","source":"Peec AI blog","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"single-source"}
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{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-17-audit-reddit-ai-search-favors-formal-highly-upvoted-comments:49-higher-odds","type":"Figure","fig":"49% higher odds","claim":"Higher odds of selection for a Reddit AI search comment one standard deviation more formal than average, while personal-experience language cut the odds to 0.789, per a University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign preprint auditing 30,000 Reddit AI search answers across 14.68 million comments in 20 advice subreddits. Selected comments ranked at the 91st percentile of their thread's vote count versus the 45th percentile for passed-over comments, and first-person words like \"I\" and \"my\" fell from 3.3% of quoted comments to 0.06% of final answers.","asof":"2026-09","source":"Search Engine Journal","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"unchecked"}
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{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-16-brightedge-reddit-s-ai-citation-surge-has-plateaued-at-a-higher:33x","type":"Figure","fig":"33x","claim":"Growth in Reddit's tracked search footprint between June 2025 and February 2026, with its AI citations up another 84% from February to July 2026 before plateauing at a level several times higher than a year earlier — Google AI Overviews drives roughly 88% of Reddit's citation volume, per a BrightEdge analysis using its AI Hyper Cube, Data Cube X and Expert Services datasets.","asof":"2026-08","source":"BrightEdge Blog","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"contested"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-16-brightedge-reddit-s-ai-citation-surge-has-plateaued-at-a-higher:33x","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-16-brightedge-reddit-s-ai-citation-surge-has-plateaued-at-a-higher"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-16-brightedge-reddit-s-ai-citation-surge-has-plateaued-at-a-higher:33x","rel":"contested_by","to":"item:2026-08-27-no-major-ai-crawler-publicly-meets-all-four-of-cloudflare-s-conditions","fig":"-86.4%","source":"Promptwatch","note":"Reddit's ChatGPT Search citation share fell 86.4% relative over the same window, against 11.3% on AI Overviews and 30.5% on AI Mode. Not a contradiction: the plateau is an AI Overviews plateau, and Reddit's position across engines is not settled."}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-16-study-finds-chatgpt-and-ai-overviews-cite-different-parts-of-social:89-vs-80","type":"Figure","fig":"89% vs. ~80%","claim":"Share of Google AI Overviews' Instagram Reels citations going to posted content (89%, and 53% for Facebook video) versus roughly 80% of ChatGPT's LinkedIn citations going to profile and company pages instead — the two engines pull from structurally different parts of the same social platforms, per a BrightEdge analysis of five platforms across nine industries over twelve weekly observations.","asof":"2026-08","source":"BrightEdge Blog","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-16-study-finds-chatgpt-and-ai-overviews-cite-different-parts-of-social:89-vs-80","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-16-study-finds-chatgpt-and-ai-overviews-cite-different-parts-of-social"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-17-ai-models-agree-on-brand-visibility-only-11-of-the-time:11","type":"Figure","fig":"11%","claim":"Share of brands referenced by AI answers that were named by all three of GPT-4o, Gemini 2.5 Flash and Claude Sonnet 4.6 in a Fractl analysis of 4,320 AI responses across 96 prompts — 77% were named by just one model. In the travel category, Booking.com led with 285 AI mentions ahead of Airbnb (227) and Expedia (215).","asof":"2026-08","source":"Search Engine Land","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-17-ai-models-agree-on-brand-visibility-only-11-of-the-time:11","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-17-ai-models-agree-on-brand-visibility-only-11-of-the-time"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-18-chatgpt-s-own-search-queries-name-brands-users-never-typed:68-9-vs-2-1","type":"Figure","fig":"68.9% vs. 2.1%","claim":"How often a brand ChatGPT itself named in its own search query reached the final answer (68.9%) versus a brand surfacing only on retrieved pages (2.1%) — a roughly 33x gap — per an independent traffic analysis of a ChatGPT Plus account across 27 conversations; only 3.1% of 3,554 retrieved pages earned a citation at all, with citation rates falling from 5.2% at the first-listed domain to 0.3% from the sixth position on.","asof":"2026-08","source":"PPC Land","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"single-source"}
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{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-19-business-sites-dominate-gemini-s-local-ai-citations:60","type":"Figure","fig":"~60%","claim":"Business websites' share of citations in Gemini's local AI search results — nearly 60% of 14,472 citations across 1,487 queries in the 50 largest U.S. metros, with Reddit second at 13.7% — per a Steady Demand analysis. Identical queries returned overlapping sources only about 40% of the time and named the same top business in just 7% of repeat searches, versus roughly 90% listing consistency in Google's local pack; Gemini and ChatGPT cited the same domains for the same queries only 8% of the time.","asof":"2026-08","source":"Search Engine Land","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-19-business-sites-dominate-gemini-s-local-ai-citations:60","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-19-business-sites-dominate-gemini-s-local-ai-citations"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-20-google-and-chatgpt-cite-different-slices-of-the-same-youtube-video:50-vs-0-6","type":"Figure","fig":"50% vs. 0.6%","claim":"Share of Google AI Overviews' YouTube citations linking to a timestamped moment within the video, versus 0.6% for ChatGPT — Google also cites YouTube Shorts 17.5% of the time versus 1.1% for ChatGPT — per a BrightEdge analysis of cited YouTube URLs across nine industries over twelve weekly observations (May 17–Aug 2, 2026); BrightEdge says the pattern shows Google navigates within a video while ChatGPT cites it whole.","asof":"2026-08","source":"BrightEdge Blog","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"single-source"}
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{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-24-ai-overviews-finance-expansion-flipped-who-wins-ticker-queries:16x","type":"Figure","fig":"16x","claim":"Growth in search volume behind top prompts citing Yahoo Finance in Google AI Overviews between January and July 2026 — versus just 1.1x growth in the number of distinct prompts — after AI Overviews expanded into the finance category in April 2026 and shifted volume toward ticker lookups; Yahoo's brand-mention share rose to roughly half of tracked mentions by July while Forbes, which led in January, fell by about a third, per a BrightEdge analysis.","asof":"2026-08","source":"BrightEdge Blog","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"single-source"}
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{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-25-google-s-listicle-demotion-is-targeted-not-universal:62","type":"Figure","fig":"62%","claim":"Share of vendor-authored listicles that still gained estimated organic traffic even as Google's share of listicles holding position 1 fell from roughly 19-20% in January 2026 to about 15-16% in August — Google also shows roughly 4.5x more listicles for queries that explicitly ask for a list than for implicit category queries, per a Growth Memo analysis of 5.32 million Google result rows across 60,000 queries.","asof":"2026-08","source":"Growth Memo (Kevin Indig)","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"unchecked"}
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{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-31-freshness-outranks-word-count-in-google-s-listicle-rankings:56-lower-odds","type":"Figure","fig":"56% lower odds","claim":"Reduction in a listicle's odds of reaching the Google top 3 when it carries an old or unreadable publish date — the strongest predictor measured, ahead of author bios, schema markup and word count; counted listicles (\"17 Best Tools\") also beat unnumbered editorial roundups in 56.8% of head-to-head matchups, per a Growth Memo analysis of nearly 60,000 Google results pages.","asof":"2026-08","source":"Growth Memo (Kevin Indig)","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"unchecked"}
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{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-25-llms-favor-well-known-brands-until-reviews-tip-the-scale:100","type":"Figure","fig":"100%","claim":"Recommendation rate for the well-known brand over an otherwise-identical rival product, testing GPT-4o-mini, Claude Sonnet and Gemini on skincare recommendations — but a rival needed less than a 0.1-star ratings edge to overturn that advantage; when every brand adopted the same marketing tactics, the incumbent's edge collapsed from a payoff of +0.802 to +0.007, and brands that opted out received no recommendations at all, per an arXiv paper by Xi Chu and Yupeng Hou.","asof":"2026-06","source":"arXiv GEO","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-25-llms-favor-well-known-brands-until-reviews-tip-the-scale:100","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-25-llms-favor-well-known-brands-until-reviews-tip-the-scale"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-27-reddit-s-citation-drop-is-chatgpt-only-86-there-11-on-ai-overviews:86-4","type":"Figure","fig":"86.4%","claim":"Relative drop in Reddit's share of ChatGPT Search citations — an average 3.83% (July 18-Aug 7) down to 0.52% (Aug 14-17) — against just an 11.3% decline on Google AI Overviews (2.37% to 2.10%) and 30.5% on AI Mode over the same window, per Promptwatch. It attributes the ChatGPT-only break to an August 8 change that pushed use of the site: operator in ChatGPT's background search queries from 0.37% to 16.8%, and calls the decline provisional pending confirmation it isn't a data-collection issue.","asof":"2026-08","source":"Promptwatch","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-27-reddit-s-citation-drop-is-chatgpt-only-86-there-11-on-ai-overviews:86-4","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-27-reddit-s-citation-drop-is-chatgpt-only-86-there-11-on-ai-overviews"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-27-brightedge-reddit-citations-skew-to-brand-aware-ai-shoppers:36-52","type":"Figure","fig":"36-52%","claim":"Exact word-match rate between a shopper's prompt and the brand named in Reddit-cited answers — 43.5-52.0% for restaurants and 36.4-49.6% for ecommerce across Google AI Overviews and ChatGPT, with a median of four brands per Reddit-cited answer — evidence Reddit citations skew toward comparison and purchase-decision prompts rather than top-of-funnel discovery, per a BrightEdge analysis spanning May 17-Aug 2, 2026 across nine industries.","asof":"2026-08","source":"BrightEdge Blog","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-27-brightedge-reddit-citations-skew-to-brand-aware-ai-shoppers:36-52","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-27-brightedge-reddit-citations-skew-to-brand-aware-ai-shoppers"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-31-chatgpt-google-ai-overviews-split-on-health-authority-sources:0-of-10","type":"Figure","fig":"0 of 10","claim":"ChatGPT's top five cited domains for health questions are all government agencies or hospital systems, with YouTube absent from its top ten, while Google AI Overviews' YouTube citations for health queries run 1.8x above their June level and outrank clinical sources; for finance questions, AI Overviews concentrates 51% of citations in its top source versus a 19/15/14/14/11% spread across ChatGPT's top five, which includes the smaller valuation platform SimplyWall.st, per a BrightEdge analysis using its AI Hyper Cube citation tracking.","asof":"2026-08","source":"BrightEdge Blog","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-31-chatgpt-google-ai-overviews-split-on-health-authority-sources:0-of-10","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-31-chatgpt-google-ai-overviews-split-on-health-authority-sources"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-03-ten-speed-product-pages-draw-24-of-ai-citations-reddit-4:24-1","type":"Figure","fig":"24.1%","claim":"Product pages' share of citations in a Ten Speed analysis of 170 B2B buyer-evaluation prompts across ChatGPT, Perplexity, Claude and Gemini (7,387 citation appearances, tracked via Peec AI) — the largest single category, ahead of blog/PR content (17.4%) and comparison pages/listicles (about 13% each); Reddit, YouTube and forums combined for just 4.2%.","asof":"2026-09","source":"Search Engine Journal","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-03-ten-speed-product-pages-draw-24-of-ai-citations-reddit-4:24-1","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-09-03-ten-speed-product-pages-draw-24-of-ai-citations-reddit-4"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-10-chatgpt-perplexity-ai-overviews-audited-on-mental-health-citations:43-6","type":"Figure","fig":"43.6%","claim":"Share of English-language citations held by the ten most-cited domains, in a cross-platform audit of ChatGPT, Perplexity and Google AI Overview on 20 English mental-health questions plus six additional languages — 15,942 citations across 1,140 responses and 1,713 unique domains. Government, commercial-health and academic sources each drew roughly 22% of citations overall, but the three platforms diverged sharply in consistency and in which source types they favored; explicitly asking a platform to show its sources produced only modest changes in what it cited.","asof":"2026-08","source":"arXiv AI-search citations","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-10-chatgpt-perplexity-ai-overviews-audited-on-mental-health-citations:43-6","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-09-10-chatgpt-perplexity-ai-overviews-audited-on-mental-health-citations"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-10-profound-answer-engines-tailor-brand-picks-to-demographics:1-in-4","type":"Figure","fig":"1 in 4","claim":"Rate at which ChatGPT, Gemini and Claude recommended the same brand to two different personas asking the identical question, versus roughly 2 in 5 when the same persona repeated the question — across 71,147 responses built from income, age, gender and occupation combinations on credit-card, clothing and furniture queries, per Profound. On Gemini clothing queries, high-income personas drew 24 percentage points more brand-owned citations and 17 points fewer earned-media citations than low-income personas; brand mentions per response rose from 5.8 for low-income personas to 7.5 for high-income ones.","asof":"2026-09","source":"Profound","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-10-profound-answer-engines-tailor-brand-picks-to-demographics:1-in-4","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-09-10-profound-answer-engines-tailor-brand-picks-to-demographics"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-11-brightedge-reddit-s-chatgpt-education-citations-hit-zero:17-2-to-0","type":"Figure","fig":"17.2% to 0%","claim":"Reddit's share of ChatGPT's Education-category citations over two weeks in August 2026, per a BrightEdge analysis tracking a fixed weekly panel of U.S. education prompts from week 28 through week 37 (July 6-Sept 13). Government, university and professional-association domains — state.gov, asu.edu, apa.org, aacnnursing.org — took the vacated positions and still held them five weeks later. BrightEdge attributes the drop to Reddit's robots.txt policy; this wire's Aug 27 coverage found a change in ChatGPT's own background-query behavior preceded the decline by about six days, leaving the single-cause account unsettled.","asof":"2026-08","source":"BrightEdge Blog","section":"Who gets cited","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-11-brightedge-reddit-s-chatgpt-education-citations-hit-zero:17-2-to-0","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-09-11-brightedge-reddit-s-chatgpt-education-citations-hit-zero"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-01-google-discover-now-sends-news-publishers-more-than-twice-what-search:67-5-vs-27","type":"Figure","fig":"67.5% vs. 27%","claim":"Share of Google traffic reaching news publishers via Discover versus Web Search in Q4 2025, across 400+ publishers tracked by NewzDash — reversed from 2023, when Search sent 51% and Discover 37%. NewzDash CEO John Shehata calls it \"the Great Flip.\" Discover carries no queries, so most of a news publisher's Google traffic now arrives from a surface with nothing to optimize a keyword against.","asof":"2025-12","source":"Advanced Web Ranking","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-01-google-discover-now-sends-news-publishers-more-than-twice-what-search:67-5-vs-27","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-09-01-google-discover-now-sends-news-publishers-more-than-twice-what-search"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-01-google-discover-now-sends-news-publishers-more-than-twice-what-search:3-5-vs-40-50","type":"Figure","fig":"3-5% vs. 40-50%","claim":"How often AI Overviews trigger on US breaking and political news queries versus health queries, per John Shehata — with sports around 18%. Exposure to AI answers is a property of the beat rather than of news as a category, so a single figure for \"news\" averages desks in materially different businesses.","asof":"2026-01","source":"Advanced Web Ranking","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-01-google-discover-now-sends-news-publishers-more-than-twice-what-search:3-5-vs-40-50","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-09-01-google-discover-now-sends-news-publishers-more-than-twice-what-search"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-07-20-google-claims-ai-search-sends-billions-of-clicks-weekly-without-the:billions","type":"Figure","fig":"billions","claim":"Weekly clicks Google says its AI Search features send to websites — a claim published without methodology, against third-party studies showing CTR declines.","asof":"2026-07","source":"Search Engine Journal","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-07-20-google-claims-ai-search-sends-billions-of-clicks-weekly-without-the:billions","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-07-20-google-claims-ai-search-sends-billions-of-clicks-weekly-without-the"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-07-23-alphabet-q2-search-revenue-up-17-as-growth-eases:63-27b","type":"Figure","fig":"$63.27B","claim":"Alphabet's Q2 2026 Search revenue, up 17% year over year — the first deceleration after four quarters of accelerating growth.","asof":"2026-07","source":"Search Engine Journal","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-07-23-alphabet-q2-search-revenue-up-17-as-growth-eases:63-27b","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-07-23-alphabet-q2-search-revenue-up-17-as-growth-eases"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-07-23-ads-appear-on-a-third-of-commercial-ai-mode-queries-analysis-finds:1-in-3","type":"Figure","fig":"1 in 3","claim":"Commercial-keyword AI Mode queries showing ads in a July analysis — while advertisers were rarely among the answer's cited sources.","asof":"2026-07","source":"Search Engine Journal","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-07-23-ads-appear-on-a-third-of-commercial-ai-mode-queries-analysis-finds:1-in-3","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-07-23-ads-appear-on-a-third-of-commercial-ai-mode-queries-analysis-finds"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-11-chatgpt-ads-appear-on-a-quarter-of-commercial-prompts:25-94","type":"Figure","fig":"25.94%","claim":"Share of more than 50,000 commercial ChatGPT prompts across 20 niches that showed ads, per an SE Ranking study — with 14.35% of those ads unrelated to the surrounding conversation, and only 3.63% of advertisers whose ads ran also cited as a source in the answer above them.","asof":"2026-08","source":"Search Engine Land","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-11-chatgpt-ads-appear-on-a-quarter-of-commercial-prompts:25-94","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-11-chatgpt-ads-appear-on-a-quarter-of-commercial-prompts"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-03-zero-click-google-searches-hit-a-record-high-ai-mode-use-stays-flat:40","type":"Figure","fig":"40%","claim":"Share of U.S. Google searches that sent a click to the open web in June 2026 (40.7% in the EU/UK) — a record low — while Google AI Mode held at just 0.13% of U.S. search-related visits, per Datos and SparkToro's Q2 State of Search report.","asof":"2026-08","source":"Search Engine Journal","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-03-zero-click-google-searches-hit-a-record-high-ai-mode-use-stays-flat:40","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-03-zero-click-google-searches-hit-a-record-high-ai-mode-use-stays-flat"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-04-people-inc-won-t-block-google-s-ai-crawlers-despite-traffic-slide:40","type":"Figure","fig":"40%","claim":"Year-over-year decline in People Inc.'s Google search traffic — now 21% of its total traffic, down from 25% the prior quarter, with core sessions off 22% YoY — even as the publisher's CEO says it won't block Google's AI crawlers because that \"would turn off search.\"","asof":"2026-08","source":"Digiday","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-04-people-inc-won-t-block-google-s-ai-crawlers-despite-traffic-slide:40","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-04-people-inc-won-t-block-google-s-ai-crawlers-despite-traffic-slide"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-10-le-monde-ceo-no-ai-overviews-traffic-decline-in-france:7","type":"Figure","fig":"+7%","claim":"Le Monde's English-language traffic growth in H1 2026 versus H1 2025, roughly seven weeks after Google's AI Overviews launched in France — CEO Louis Dreyfus also cited 24,000 new subscribers in each of July and August 2026. He contrasted this with French publishers' group APIG's reported 33-38% search-referral loss, saying search drives only about half of a major news site's visits and that the steepest AI Overviews damage is concentrated in service-content sectors — health, food, automotive — down as much as 50%, not general news.","asof":"2026-09","source":"Search Engine Journal","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-10-le-monde-ceo-no-ai-overviews-traffic-decline-in-france:7","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-09-10-le-monde-ceo-no-ai-overviews-traffic-decline-in-france"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-11-study-google-ai-overviews-cut-wikipedia-search-referrals-5:5","type":"Figure","fig":"~5%","claim":"Estimated decline in monthly Google search referrals to English Wikipedia since AI Overviews became the US default in 2024, per a University of Washington study by Mehrzad Khosravi and Hema Yoganarasimhan — one of the few non-vendor-funded estimates of AI Overviews' referral impact. Google disputes the figure, saying Wikimedia's public referral data mixes traffic from all search engines and can't isolate Google's effect; the authors counter that other engines carry too little share to explain the gap.","asof":"2026-09","source":"Search Engine Journal","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-11-study-google-ai-overviews-cut-wikipedia-search-referrals-5:5","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-09-11-study-google-ai-overviews-cut-wikipedia-search-referrals-5"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-11-study-google-ai-overviews-cut-wikipedia-search-referrals-5:5","rel":"supersedes","to":"figure:2026-09-11-study-google-ai-overviews-cut-wikipedia-search-referrals-5:15","asof":"2026-09","note":"the authors' own earlier draft, using daily pageviews instead of monthly referrals, before they added international controls and revised down"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-05-shopify-says-ai-driven-traffic-and-orders-tripled-year-over-year-in-q2:3x","type":"Figure","fig":"3x","claim":"Year-over-year growth in AI-driven traffic and orders to Shopify merchant stores in Q2 2026, per Shopify president Harley Finkelstein — with half of AI-referred sessions landing directly on product pages, 2.5x the rate of traditional search, while traditional search sessions stayed up 1.3x over two years. Shopify frames AI as additive to search, not a replacement.","asof":"2026-08","source":"TechCrunch AI","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-05-shopify-says-ai-driven-traffic-and-orders-tripled-year-over-year-in-q2:3x","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-05-shopify-says-ai-driven-traffic-and-orders-tripled-year-over-year-in-q2"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-05-survey-72-of-holiday-shoppers-now-consult-ai-chatbots-for-gift-ideas:72","type":"Figure","fig":"72%","claim":"Share of U.S. holiday shoppers who say they regularly or occasionally consult AI tools such as ChatGPT, Claude or Gemini for gift ideas, with 49% doing so regularly — per an Optimove survey of 648 U.S. consumers; 37% cited data privacy as the top barrier to using AI tools more, even though nearly three-quarters trust AI-generated recommendations as much as or more than other sources.","asof":"2026-08","source":"PPC Land","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-05-survey-72-of-holiday-shoppers-now-consult-ai-chatbots-for-gift-ideas:72","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-05-survey-72-of-holiday-shoppers-now-consult-ai-chatbots-for-gift-ideas"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-08-amicus-brief-urges-d-c-circuit-to-toughen-google-s-ai-antitrust-remedy:21","type":"Figure","fig":"21%","claim":"Google's share of foundation model API revenue as of December 2025, with Google, OpenAI and Anthropic together controlling 88% — cited in an amicus brief urging the D.C. Circuit to toughen, not weaken, the remedy in Google's search antitrust appeal.","asof":"2025-12","source":"PPC Land","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-08-amicus-brief-urges-d-c-circuit-to-toughen-google-s-ai-antitrust-remedy:21","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-08-amicus-brief-urges-d-c-circuit-to-toughen-google-s-ai-antitrust-remedy"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-17-uk-charities-report-steep-traffic-losses-to-google-ai-overviews:53","type":"Figure","fig":"53%","claim":"Blood Cancer UK's year-over-year drop in page views for its leukaemia information page, with declines of 17-45% across its other blood cancer pages and community-forum visits up 86% over the same span, per Press Gazette; Save the Children logged a 303% YoY rise in AI Overview appearances in July 2026 while clicks and impressions fell, and the Brain Tumour Charity reported a roughly 27% site-wide traffic drop.","asof":"2026-08","source":"PPC Land","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-17-uk-charities-report-steep-traffic-losses-to-google-ai-overviews:53","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-17-uk-charities-report-steep-traffic-losses-to-google-ai-overviews"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-18-perplexity-s-india-revenue-rose-60-after-airtel-offer-ended:60","type":"Figure","fig":"60%","claim":"Rise in Perplexity's India revenue from February through mid-August 2026 versus the period when its free 12-month Pro offer via Airtel was still available — usage has settled near 14 million monthly active users, still about 5x pre-deal levels, even as new downloads fell 90% after redemptions closed in January 2026, per Sensor Tower data cited by TechCrunch.","asof":"2026-08","source":"TechCrunch AI","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-18-perplexity-s-india-revenue-rose-60-after-airtel-offer-ended:60","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-18-perplexity-s-india-revenue-rose-60-after-airtel-offer-ended"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-18-ahrefs-study-llms-txt-files-mostly-unread-by-ai-crawlers:58","type":"Figure","fig":"58%","claim":"Drop in Google AI Overviews' position-1 click-through rate in 2026, up from a 34.5% drop in 2025, per an Ahrefs analysis spanning roughly 15 million data points.","asof":"2026-08","source":"Search Engine Journal","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-18-ahrefs-study-llms-txt-files-mostly-unread-by-ai-crawlers:58","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-18-ahrefs-study-llms-txt-files-mostly-unread-by-ai-crawlers"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-18-study-finds-ai-overview-traffic-misattributed-22-of-time:22-4","type":"Figure","fig":"22.4%","claim":"Average share of Google AI Overview citation-click traffic misattributed to the Direct channel instead of Organic Search in GA4, per a nine-month tracking study of 51,200 clicks across 1,661 AI Overview-cited snippets — worst in May 2026 at 29.3%. The same tracking found AI Overviews drove 7.53% of organic sessions overall, peaking at 16-17% in February-March 2026 before falling to 2-4% by August.","asof":"2026-08","source":"Search Engine Land","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-18-study-finds-ai-overview-traffic-misattributed-22-of-time:22-4","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-18-study-finds-ai-overview-traffic-misattributed-22-of-time"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-24-retail-takes-39-of-chatgpt-ad-slots-on-24-of-queries:39-vs-24","type":"Figure","fig":"39% vs. 24%","claim":"Share of observed US ChatGPT ad placements going to retail and fashion queries versus their 24% share of query volume, per an Adthena analysis of nearly 850,000 US and UK AI search queries from March to May 2026 — ads overall appeared on 4.47% of US queries at 1.06 items per response, below the 3.53-item average Adthena measured on Google's AI surfaces; logistics (12.41%), home-and-garden (11.99%) and beauty (10.03%) had the highest per-category ad frequency.","asof":"2026-08","source":"PPC Land","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-24-retail-takes-39-of-chatgpt-ad-slots-on-24-of-queries:39-vs-24","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-24-retail-takes-39-of-chatgpt-ad-slots-on-24-of-queries"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-31-chatgpt-ads-reaches-1-billion-annualized-revenue-run-rate:1b-annualized","type":"Figure","fig":"$1B annualized","claim":"ChatGPT Ads' annualized revenue run rate, reached in under 200 days after launch, per OpenAI — a self-reported, unaudited figure. OpenAI opened self-service Ads Manager access to India, Europe, the Middle East and North Africa the same day, previously a managed-sales and partner-led market.","asof":"2026-08","source":"OpenAI News","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-31-chatgpt-ads-reaches-1-billion-annualized-revenue-run-rate:1b-annualized","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-31-chatgpt-ads-reaches-1-billion-annualized-revenue-run-rate"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-02-contentsquare-poor-sites-push-ai-shoppers-toward-rivals:23","type":"Figure","fig":"23%","claim":"Share of AI-referred shoppers who switch to a competitor when the AI-recommended website disappoints them — 16% abandon the purchase outright and only 3% buy anyway — per a Contentsquare survey of 2,000 US and French consumers; 21% said they'd seen AI-provided product information contradict what a brand's own website showed.","asof":"2026-09","source":"PPC Land","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-02-contentsquare-poor-sites-push-ai-shoppers-toward-rivals:23","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-09-02-contentsquare-poor-sites-push-ai-shoppers-toward-rivals"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-03-google-ai-mode-shows-higher-prices-than-search-study-finds:21-6-higher","type":"Figure","fig":"21.6% higher","claim":"How much higher Google AI Mode's shown prices ran versus the same items in Search's product carousel, per a Productrise study of 2 million-plus product listings tracked August 9-31, 2026 — the two surfaces showed the identical product on only 1.28% of matched queries, and listed a different lead seller 49.6% of the time when products did match. Google told Search Engine Journal all its shopping surfaces draw on the same Shopping Graph data but did not address the price or seller gap.","asof":"2026-09","source":"Search Engine Journal","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-03-google-ai-mode-shows-higher-prices-than-search-study-finds:21-6-higher","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-09-03-google-ai-mode-shows-higher-prices-than-search-study-finds"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-03-financial-services-surges-into-chatgpt-s-top-ad-spenders:2-to-13","type":"Figure","fig":"2% to 13%","claim":"Financial services' share of total US ChatGPT ad spend, April to August 2026, as the category grew from one top-100 advertiser to four of the top ten spenders — while shopping and retail's share fell from 37% to 21% over the same span, per Sensor Tower. Ad density (ads shown per user per hour) rose 163% over the period, averaging 26% monthly growth, with roughly 1,200 unique advertisers active by August.","asof":"2026-09","source":"PPC Land","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-03-financial-services-surges-into-chatgpt-s-top-ad-spenders:2-to-13","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-09-03-financial-services-surges-into-chatgpt-s-top-ad-spenders"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-03-comscore-sponsored-chatgpt-ads-hit-24-of-hotel-prompts:6-to-24","type":"Figure","fig":"6% to 24%","claim":"Share of hotel-related ChatGPT prompts carrying a sponsored link, March to May 2026 — a fourfold increase in three months — per Comscore, which began tracking sponsored ChatGPT links using opt-in panel data on real prompts rather than synthetic tests. Panel size and composition undisclosed.","asof":"2026-09","source":"PPC Land","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-03-comscore-sponsored-chatgpt-ads-hit-24-of-hotel-prompts:6-to-24","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-09-03-comscore-sponsored-chatgpt-ads-hit-24-of-hotel-prompts"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-03-chatgpt-shopping-mode-feed-retrieval-overtakes-web-search:8-to-62","type":"Figure","fig":"8% to 62%","claim":"Feed-integrated retrieval's single-day jump in ChatGPT Shopping mode product recommendations on July 10, 2026 — the day ChatGPT 5.6 shipped — reaching roughly 65% of recommendations by late August and overtaking web search as the leading source, per a Profound analysis of 687 customers. Top-10 merchants' share of shopping-mode product cards rose from 22.5% to 41.8% over the same period.","asof":"2026-09","source":"Profound","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-03-chatgpt-shopping-mode-feed-retrieval-overtakes-web-search:8-to-62","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-09-03-chatgpt-shopping-mode-feed-retrieval-overtakes-web-search"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-05-seattle-times-newsday-sue-openai-microsoft-over-ai-use:47","type":"Figure","fig":"47%","claim":"Decline in search-referral traffic to mid-sized regional publishers, December 2024 to December 2025 — roughly double the decline measured at larger national outlets — per industry data cited in the Seattle Times and Newsday's joint copyright and trademark-dilution complaint against OpenAI and Microsoft.","asof":"2025-12","source":"Chat GPT Is Eating the World","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-05-seattle-times-newsday-sue-openai-microsoft-over-ai-use:47","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-09-05-seattle-times-newsday-sue-openai-microsoft-over-ai-use"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-07-google-shopping-ads-ctr-climbs-as-ai-overviews-cuts-impressions:1-20-to-1-55","type":"Figure","fig":"1.20% to 1.55%","claim":"Google Shopping ads' median click-through rate, mid-2025 to mid-2026, even as impressions fell from roughly 1.85 million to 1.4 million — the inverse of the \"crocodile effect\" seen in organic search, where AI Overviews have lifted impressions while cutting clicks. Analysis of 175 billion impressions by Mike Ryan of Smarter Ecommerce; Google has not confirmed his theory that AI Overviews are increasingly served on lower-click-probability queries.","asof":"2026-09","source":"Search Engine Roundtable","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-07-google-shopping-ads-ctr-climbs-as-ai-overviews-cuts-impressions:1-20-to-1-55","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-09-07-google-shopping-ads-ctr-climbs-as-ai-overviews-cuts-impressions"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-10-publishers-spent-113m-on-paid-search-as-ai-erodes-traffic:113m","type":"Figure","fig":"$113M","claim":"Estimated Google paid search spend by Similarweb's Top 100 Media publishers in July 2026, up 41% year over year and 274% over three years — Forbes alone accounted for $72.2 million, about two-thirds of the total, even as its organic traffic fell 26.7% year over year; CNN and USA Today posted organic declines of 28.9% and 24.1% over the same period, per Similarweb data reported by Adweek.","asof":"2026-09","source":"PPC Land","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-10-publishers-spent-113m-on-paid-search-as-ai-erodes-traffic:113m","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-09-10-publishers-spent-113m-on-paid-search-as-ai-erodes-traffic"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-16-ahrefs-ai-overviews-cut-ctr-23-in-france:23-1","type":"Figure","fig":"23.1%","claim":"CTR lost by French sites most exposed to AI Overviews (over 20% of their queries triggering one), comparing the 28 days before to the 9 days after AI Overviews launched in France on July 22, 2026; the median site across 963 tracked domains lost 5.7% of CTR and 8.8% of clicks, and nearly 48% of sites lost more than 10% of daily clicks within nine days. Health queries lost the most — a 22.2% AI Overview trigger rate and a 20.4% CTR decline. Ahrefs' Juliette Begue, using Google Search Console data, found roughly \"one point of CTR lost per point of exposure.\"","asof":"2026-09","source":"Ahrefs Blog","section":"Traffic and money","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-16-ahrefs-ai-overviews-cut-ctr-23-in-france:23-1","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-09-16-ahrefs-ai-overviews-cut-ctr-23-in-france"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-07-25-google-study-finds-ai-mode-and-gemini-queries-skew-toward-high:14-65m","type":"Figure","fig":"14.65M","claim":"Conversations in Google's AI & Economy ATLAS report, which found AI questions about government services occur roughly 20x more often than time spent on them would predict.","asof":"2026-07","source":"Google / Search Engine Journal","section":"What people ask","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-07-25-google-study-finds-ai-mode-and-gemini-queries-skew-toward-high:14-65m","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-07-25-google-study-finds-ai-mode-and-gemini-queries-skew-toward-high"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-07-25-google-study-finds-ai-mode-and-gemini-queries-skew-toward-high:50","type":"Figure","fig":"~50%","claim":"Share of medical, legal, financial and government queries to Google's AI surfaces arriving outside work hours — high-friction tasks, handled at night and on weekends.","asof":"2026-07","source":"Google / Search Engine Journal","section":"What people ask","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-07-25-google-study-finds-ai-mode-and-gemini-queries-skew-toward-high:50","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-07-25-google-study-finds-ai-mode-and-gemini-queries-skew-toward-high"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-18-chatgpt-commercial-conversations-nearly-double-in-a-year:19-2","type":"Figure","fig":"19.2%","claim":"Share of ChatGPT conversations carrying commercial intent as of June 2026, up from 13.9% a year earlier — weekly commercial conversations grew from roughly 243 million to 533 million over the same span, a pace Profound says puts ChatGPT near 28 billion commercial conversations a year. Automotive (59.1%) and travel/hospitality (56.1%) topped the industry list; education and non-profit topics were lowest at near 6%.","asof":"2026-08","source":"Profound research blog","section":"What people ask","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-18-chatgpt-commercial-conversations-nearly-double-in-a-year:19-2","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-18-chatgpt-commercial-conversations-nearly-double-in-a-year"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-07-24-audit-finds-most-small-businesses-invisible-to-ai-search-verification:15-6","type":"Figure","fig":"15.6%","claim":"Average share of AI retrievability and trust criteria met by 71 audited small businesses — and 17% had no AI-retrievable digital presence at all.","asof":"2026-07","source":"Search Engine Land","section":"Readiness and adoption","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-07-24-audit-finds-most-small-businesses-invisible-to-ai-search-verification:15-6","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-07-24-audit-finds-most-small-businesses-invisible-to-ai-search-verification"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-07-24-ahrefs-launches-a-free-llms-txt-generator-tool:137-000","type":"Figure","fig":"137,000","claim":"Domains in Ahrefs' llms.txt adoption analysis — the dataset behind its free llms.txt generator.","asof":"2026-07","source":"Ahrefs","section":"Readiness and adoption","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-07-24-ahrefs-launches-a-free-llms-txt-generator-tool:137-000","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-07-24-ahrefs-launches-a-free-llms-txt-generator-tool"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-18-ahrefs-study-llms-txt-files-mostly-unread-by-ai-crawlers:97","type":"Figure","fig":"97%","claim":"Share of sites' llms.txt files AI crawlers never read at all, per a separate Ahrefs analysis spanning roughly 15 million data points — which also found adding schema markup produced no measurable lift in AI citations across 1,885 pages tested over 30 days, and that 88.46% of AI citations still traced to pages already in the general search index.","asof":"2026-08","source":"Search Engine Journal","section":"Readiness and adoption","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-18-ahrefs-study-llms-txt-files-mostly-unread-by-ai-crawlers:97","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-18-ahrefs-study-llms-txt-files-mostly-unread-by-ai-crawlers"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-31-common-crawl-two-thirds-of-llms-txt-files-are-templates:68","type":"Figure","fig":"68%","claim":"Share of 584,107 llms.txt files in Common Crawl's July 2026 archive produced by templates or SEO plugins rather than hand-authored — Wix alone accounts for 41% of the corpus, and only about half fully follow the spec's structure of a title, summary line, and link sections.","asof":"2026-08","source":"Common Crawl Blog","section":"Readiness and adoption","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-31-common-crawl-two-thirds-of-llms-txt-files-are-templates:68","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-31-common-crawl-two-thirds-of-llms-txt-files-are-templates"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-07-20-arxiv-survey-maps-generative-engine-optimization-research-2023-2026:45","type":"Figure","fig":"45","claim":"Studies in the first critical survey of generative engine optimization research, 2023–2026 — the discipline now has a literature.","asof":"2026-07","source":"arXiv","section":"Readiness and adoption","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-07-20-arxiv-survey-maps-generative-engine-optimization-research-2023-2026:45","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-07-20-arxiv-survey-maps-generative-engine-optimization-research-2023-2026"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-04-iab-sets-first-measurement-standard-for-ai-visibility-tracking-tools:16","type":"Figure","fig":"16%","claim":"Share of brands that currently track their AI visibility, per the IAB's new \"Measuring Visibility in the AI Era\" framework — even as more than 20 vendors now sell tools for it.","asof":"2026-08","source":"PPC Land","section":"Readiness and adoption","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-04-iab-sets-first-measurement-standard-for-ai-visibility-tracking-tools:16","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-04-iab-sets-first-measurement-standard-for-ai-visibility-tracking-tools"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-18-benchmark-flags-geo-optimized-content-in-live-search-results:8-90","type":"Figure","fig":"8.90%","claim":"Share of 10,095 live Google Search and Gemini pages carrying detectable generative-engine-optimized content in a GEOFlagBench study — rising to 16.36% among pages modified in 2026; the paper's ModernBERT-based detector reached 0.944 F1 across a 3,200-page benchmark spanning eight GEO optimizer families.","asof":"2026-08","source":"arXiv GEO","section":"Readiness and adoption","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-18-benchmark-flags-geo-optimized-content-in-live-search-results:8-90","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-18-benchmark-flags-geo-optimized-content-in-live-search-results"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-03-new-benchmark-ai-guardrails-miss-most-geo-misinformation-attacks:5-7","type":"Figure","fig":"5.7%","claim":"Maximum relative reduction in attack success rate from three off-the-shelf safety guardrails (Granite Guardian, Llama Guard 3, NeMo Self-Check Fact-Checking) tested against GEO-optimized misinformation in a new Counter-GEO-Bench benchmark of 247 human-verified queries — Granite Guardian's reduction wasn't statistically significant. The guardrails are built to catch policy violations, not fluent, factually wrong text; the authors' own proposed defense, C-GEO Guard, cut attack success by 47.6% relative with near-zero utility loss.","asof":"2026-09","source":"arXiv GEO","section":"Readiness and adoption","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-03-new-benchmark-ai-guardrails-miss-most-geo-misinformation-attacks:5-7","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-09-03-new-benchmark-ai-guardrails-miss-most-geo-misinformation-attacks"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-04-new-defense-cuts-malicious-geo-attack-success-rate-to-6:6-20","type":"Figure","fig":"6.20%","claim":"Attack success rate against generative search systems after GEO Defender — a reranker trained to demote GEO-rewritten documents paired with a training-free source-selection guide — versus 50.32% unprotected, tested across five LLMs and seven GEO attack variants while retaining 94.12% of benign-source usage.","asof":"2026-09","source":"arXiv GEO","section":"Readiness and adoption","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-04-new-defense-cuts-malicious-geo-attack-success-rate-to-6:6-20","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-09-04-new-defense-cuts-malicious-geo-attack-success-rate-to-6"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-09-geo-content-scores-barely-predict-ai-citations-study-finds:0-11","type":"Figure","fig":"0.11","claim":"Within-query Spearman correlation between a deterministic GEO content-quality score and actual AI citations, per a study that re-tested the field's original 2023 citation-lever effect sizes against ten modern AI engine families and found none of them moved citations — positioning such scores as content-quality filters rather than citation predictors. On a 500-source adversarial benchmark, amplifying the levers that survived recalibration gained an attacker at most 6 points.","asof":"2026-09","source":"arXiv GEO","section":"Readiness and adoption","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-09-geo-content-scores-barely-predict-ai-citations-study-finds:0-11","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-09-09-geo-content-scores-barely-predict-ai-citations-study-finds"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-19-41-day-test-finds-ai-crawlers-miss-javascript-only-links-entirely:0","type":"Figure","fig":"0%","claim":"Share of JavaScript-only linked pages found by GPTBot, ClaudeBot and Bingbot in a 41-day crawler-discovery test on a 2,400-page site — versus 2% for Googlebot and 48% for Google's separate, JS-capable GoogleOther crawler; converting the links to plain HTML let GPTBot recover 250 previously unreachable pages within 48 hours.","asof":"2026-08","source":"Search Engine Land","section":"Readiness and adoption","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-19-41-day-test-finds-ai-crawlers-miss-javascript-only-links-entirely:0","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-19-41-day-test-finds-ai-crawlers-miss-javascript-only-links-entirely"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-20-pew-finds-a-third-of-post-chatgpt-webpages-show-ai-authorship:35","type":"Figure","fig":"35%","claim":"Share of English-language webpages published after ChatGPT's November 2022 launch that showed significant signs of AI authorship in a July 2026 Common Crawl snapshot (10% across all sampled pages) — commercial (.com) domains showed AI-authorship signs at roughly 10 times the rate of .edu or .gov domains (near 1% each), with .org domains at 4.6%, per Pew Research.","asof":"2026-07","source":"Pew Research","section":"Readiness and adoption","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-20-pew-finds-a-third-of-post-chatgpt-webpages-show-ai-authorship:35","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-20-pew-finds-a-third-of-post-chatgpt-webpages-show-ai-authorship"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-23-ai-assistants-miss-85-6-of-bali-restaurants-in-market-census:85-6","type":"Figure","fig":"85.6%","claim":"Share of 4,776 Bali food-service venues that ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude and Perplexity failed to recommend across 2,208 queries in a Norly Research market census — having a business website nearly doubled a venue's odds of recommendation, while star rating had no effect on whether a venue appeared at all; the four systems also recommended 14 permanently closed venues a combined 93 times.","asof":"2026-08","source":"PPC Land","section":"Readiness and adoption","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-23-ai-assistants-miss-85-6-of-bali-restaurants-in-market-census:85-6","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-23-ai-assistants-miss-85-6-of-bali-restaurants-in-market-census"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-24-survey-81-of-marketers-still-call-ai-search-seo:81","type":"Figure","fig":"81%","claim":"Share of 343 U.S. marketing decision-makers who still refer to their AI search strategy internally as \"SEO,\" with only 27% having formally adopted newer terminology, even as they allocate an average of 24% of search and content budgets to AI search visibility (43% allocating more than a fifth), per a Fractl survey.","asof":"2026-08","source":"Search Engine Land","section":"Readiness and adoption","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-24-survey-81-of-marketers-still-call-ai-search-seo:81","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-24-survey-81-of-marketers-still-call-ai-search-seo"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-26-brightedge-launches-agent-edge-to-make-sites-ai-agent-ready:3","type":"Figure","fig":"3%","claim":"Share of the top 20,000 websites currently set up to serve AI agents optimized content formats such as Markdown — 97% aren't, per a BrightEdge audit published alongside its new Agent Edge product, which detects agent requests at the CDN layer and serves a lightweight Markdown version of pages without changing what human visitors see.","asof":"2026-08","source":"BrightEdge Blog","section":"Readiness and adoption","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-26-brightedge-launches-agent-edge-to-make-sites-ai-agent-ready:3","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-26-brightedge-launches-agent-edge-to-make-sites-ai-agent-ready"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-30-acp-ap2-and-x402-are-three-layers-of-one-stack-not-three-rivals:24-24m","type":"Figure","fig":"$24.24M","claim":"30-day transaction volume on x402, the HTTP-402-based agent payment settlement protocol — 75.41M transactions across 94.06K buyers and 22K sellers, per the project's own site, which lists adopters including AWS, Cloudflare, Stripe and Vercel.","asof":"2026-08","source":"x402","section":"Readiness and adoption","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-30-acp-ap2-and-x402-are-three-layers-of-one-stack-not-three-rivals:24-24m","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-30-acp-ap2-and-x402-are-three-layers-of-one-stack-not-three-rivals"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-01-audit-finds-most-major-websites-aren-t-ai-agent-ready:46-of-48","type":"Figure","fig":"46 of 48","claim":"Major websites that scored zero on agent-transaction protocols like OAuth discovery, the steepest shortfall of 12 machine-readability signals in a SALT.agency audit of 50 sites across retail, SaaS, travel, publishing and finance. Sites averaged 56.6% overall (Airbnb highest at 79.2%), only 11 of 50 had published an llms.txt file, and just 5 of 50 had adopted Cloudflare's Content Signals Policy.","asof":"2026-09","source":"Search Engine Journal","section":"Readiness and adoption","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-01-audit-finds-most-major-websites-aren-t-ai-agent-ready:46-of-48","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-09-01-audit-finds-most-major-websites-aren-t-ai-agent-ready"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-07-27-ai-overviews-now-appear-in-43-of-google-searches-up-from-15:43","type":"Figure","fig":"43%","claim":"Share of Google searches surfacing an AI Overview, per a Similarweb analysis.","asof":"2026-07","source":"TechCrunch AI / Similarweb","section":"Scale and reach","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-07-27-ai-overviews-now-appear-in-43-of-google-searches-up-from-15:43","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-07-27-ai-overviews-now-appear-in-43-of-google-searches-up-from-15"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-07-27-ai-overviews-now-appear-in-43-of-google-searches-up-from-15:43","rel":"supersedes","to":"figure:2026-07-27-ai-overviews-now-appear-in-43-of-google-searches-up-from-15:15","asof":"2025-07","note":"Same Similarweb series, one year earlier — nearly a threefold rise in twelve months."}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-09-ai-overviews-now-answer-nearly-all-people-also-ask-results:97","type":"Figure","fig":"97%","claim":"Share of Google's People Also Ask boxes answered by an AI Overview in the first week of September 2026, per AlsoAsked's analysis of 19.2 million English-language queries — up from 86% in August, the last major SERP feature AI Overviews hadn't fully absorbed.","asof":"2026-09","source":"Search Engine Roundtable / AlsoAsked","section":"Scale and reach","replication":"contested"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-09-ai-overviews-now-answer-nearly-all-people-also-ask-results:97","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-09-09-ai-overviews-now-answer-nearly-all-people-also-ask-results"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-09-ai-overviews-now-answer-nearly-all-people-also-ask-results:97","rel":"supersedes","to":"figure:2026-09-09-ai-overviews-now-answer-nearly-all-people-also-ask-results:86","asof":"2026-08","note":"Same AlsoAsked series, one month earlier."}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-09-ai-overviews-now-answer-nearly-all-people-also-ask-results:97","rel":"supersedes","to":"figure:2026-09-09-ai-overviews-now-answer-nearly-all-people-also-ask-results:12","asof":"2025-07","note":"Both trackers put the figure at roughly 12% about 14 months earlier."}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-09-ai-overviews-now-answer-nearly-all-people-also-ask-results:97","rel":"contested_by","to":"item:2026-09-09-ai-overviews-now-answer-nearly-all-people-also-ask-results","fig":"100%","source":"Allintitle","note":"Allintitle separately measured full saturation as of August 2026, a month before AlsoAsked's 97% reading — close but not identical trackers of the same convergence."}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-08-semrush-ai-overviews-now-cover-57-of-manufacturing-searches:38-to-57","type":"Figure","fig":"38% to 57%","claim":"Growth in AI Overview coverage of manufacturing search terms, January to July 2026, per a Semrush analysis of 458 manufacturing keywords, clickstream data and AI citation tracking across ChatGPT, Gemini, AI Mode and AI Overviews — a faster rise than the 15% to 43% climb measured across all Google searches over the prior year. AI sources drove under half a percent of manufacturing site traffic against direct and organic search's roughly 80% share.","asof":"2026-09","source":"Semrush Blog","section":"Scale and reach","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-08-semrush-ai-overviews-now-cover-57-of-manufacturing-searches:38-to-57","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-09-08-semrush-ai-overviews-now-cover-57-of-manufacturing-searches"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-07-27-ai-overviews-now-appear-in-43-of-google-searches-up-from-15:6-8","type":"Figure","fig":"6.8%","claim":"Share of U.S. ChatGPT desktop queries that included a source citation as of May 2026 — even as citation volume in AI answers overall rose more than fivefold over the year.","asof":"2026-07","source":"TechCrunch AI / Similarweb","section":"Scale and reach","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-07-27-ai-overviews-now-appear-in-43-of-google-searches-up-from-15:6-8","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-07-27-ai-overviews-now-appear-in-43-of-google-searches-up-from-15"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-07-28-google-s-ai-opt-out-setting-may-cost-publishers-top-stories-placement:15-5","type":"Figure","fig":"15.5%","claim":"Share of U.S. news searches (17.5% in the U.K.) where Google now places the Top Stories carousel inside the AI Overview — meaning publishers who use the Search Console AI opt-out could lose Top Stories placement there too. Google hasn't confirmed the link.","asof":"2026-07","source":"Search Engine Journal","section":"Scale and reach","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-07-28-google-s-ai-opt-out-setting-may-cost-publishers-top-stories-placement:15-5","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-07-28-google-s-ai-opt-out-setting-may-cost-publishers-top-stories-placement"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-07-30-similarweb-95-of-chatgpt-users-also-search-on-google:95","type":"Figure","fig":"95%","claim":"Share of ChatGPT's 494 million users who also used Google search during the same March-to-May 2026 span, per a Similarweb analysis — evidence AI search is layering on top of traditional search, not replacing it. The same analysis found 58.8% of ChatGPT referral traffic lands on publisher homepages even though 65% of the URLs it cites sit two to three folders deep, and that U.S. ad penetration on ChatGPT jumped from 14% in May to 26% in June.","asof":"2026-07","source":"Search Engine Journal","section":"Scale and reach","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-07-30-similarweb-95-of-chatgpt-users-also-search-on-google:95","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-07-30-similarweb-95-of-chatgpt-users-also-search-on-google"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-01-iab-australia-sorts-ai-crawlers-into-four-access-verdicts:57-5","type":"Figure","fig":"57.5%","claim":"Share of web traffic that was automated (bot) requests in June 2026, per Cloudflare data cited in IAB Australia's new crawler decision matrix — with 52% of AI crawler requests serving model training versus just 2.6% for live AI-answer queries.","asof":"2026-07","source":"PPC Land","section":"Scale and reach","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-01-iab-australia-sorts-ai-crawlers-into-four-access-verdicts:57-5","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-01-iab-australia-sorts-ai-crawlers-into-four-access-verdicts"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-07-gen-z-consideration-for-claude-and-openai-nearly-doubles-yougov-finds:28-1","type":"Figure","fig":"28.1%","claim":"Gen Z consideration of Claude, which nearly doubled from 14.2% to 28.1% between Q1 and Q2 2026 (OpenAI: 10.1% to 22.1%), per YouGov BrandIndex — even as just 28% of Americans overall say they trust AI assistants for answers, a 42-point gap behind trust in traditional search engines.","asof":"2026-08","source":"Search Engine Journal","section":"Scale and reach","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-07-gen-z-consideration-for-claude-and-openai-nearly-doubles-yougov-finds:28-1","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-07-gen-z-consideration-for-claude-and-openai-nearly-doubles-yougov-finds"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-08-donor-database-site-blocks-amazon-s-ai-crawler-after-logging-117-000:117-000-day","type":"Figure","fig":"117,000/day","claim":"Daily requests donor-database site PatronView logged from Amazon's Amzn-SearchBot before blocking it in early August 2026, per founder Nick Gray's published server logs — after already blocking Anthropic's Claude-SearchBot in June over a measured 35,000-to-1 ratio of crawls to human-referred visitors; a 48-hour CAPTCHA challenge in the same period drew 106,437 attempts and only 252 solves, a 0.24% rate.","asof":"2026-08","source":"PPC Land","section":"Scale and reach","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-08-donor-database-site-blocks-amazon-s-ai-crawler-after-logging-117-000:117-000-day","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-08-donor-database-site-blocks-amazon-s-ai-crawler-after-logging-117-000"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-10-ai-overviews-chatgpt-beat-social-platforms-on-shopper-trust:43","type":"Figure","fig":"43%","claim":"Trust in Google AI Overviews and ChatGPT among US shoppers, tied for the top score and ahead of TikTok, Instagram, Facebook and influencers, though still behind friends and family at 59% — per an RTB House survey of 1,840 US and international consumers. 42% of shoppers said AI tools lengthen their purchase research, but only 35% want to approve a purchase before an AI agent completes it, and millennials' comfort with a $250 autonomous AI spend fell from 42% to 34% once a return guarantee was removed.","asof":"2026-08","source":"PPC Land","section":"Scale and reach","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-10-ai-overviews-chatgpt-beat-social-platforms-on-shopper-trust:43","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-10-ai-overviews-chatgpt-beat-social-platforms-on-shopper-trust"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-11-gemini-app-passes-1-billion-monthly-users:1b","type":"Figure","fig":"1B+","claim":"Monthly active users of the Gemini app, which Google calls the fastest-growing product in its history — with 63% of users engaging by voice, over 150 million images generated daily, and more than 100 million active iOS users, per Google's own figures.","asof":"2026-08","source":"Google Keyword Blog","section":"Scale and reach","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-11-gemini-app-passes-1-billion-monthly-users:1b","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-11-gemini-app-passes-1-billion-monthly-users"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-16-chatgpt-ads-expand-to-europe-as-crawler-bypasses-blocks:15","type":"Figure","fig":"15%","claim":"Share of AI page fetchers TollBit tracked in the first half of 2026 that reached European publisher URLs marked disallowed in robots.txt — with OpenAI's ChatGPT-User among the bots most often crossing blocks aimed specifically at it, as OpenAI expands ChatGPT ads into the EEA and Switzerland.","asof":"2026-08","source":"PPC Land / TollBit","section":"Scale and reach","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-16-chatgpt-ads-expand-to-europe-as-crawler-bypasses-blocks:15","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-16-chatgpt-ads-expand-to-europe-as-crawler-bypasses-blocks"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-20-google-lets-publishers-embed-a-preferred-sources-button:600-000","type":"Figure","fig":"600,000","claim":"Unique sources readers have picked as a Google Preferred Source as of August 2026, up from over 345,000 at the feature's May 2026 launch — Google now lets publishers embed a button on their own pages to prompt the pick, and says preferred sources surface more often in Top Stories, AI Overviews and AI Mode.","asof":"2026-08","source":"Google","section":"Scale and reach","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-20-google-lets-publishers-embed-a-preferred-sources-button:600-000","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-20-google-lets-publishers-embed-a-preferred-sources-button"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-31-eu-designates-chatgpt-a-very-large-online-search-engine:159-1m","type":"Figure","fig":"159.1M","claim":"Average monthly EU users the European Commission credits ChatGPT with, the basis for designating it a Very Large Online Search Engine under the Digital Services Act — the third such designation after Google Search (364M) and Bing (119M), both from April 2023, and the first non-traditional search product on the list.","asof":"2026-08","source":"European Commission","section":"Scale and reach","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-31-eu-designates-chatgpt-a-very-large-online-search-engine:159-1m","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-31-eu-designates-chatgpt-a-very-large-online-search-engine"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-17-google-research-entity-order-limits-llm-fact-recall:26-34","type":"Figure","fig":"26-34%","claim":"Share of facts frontier LLMs — including Gemini-3-Pro and GPT-5 — encode internally but fail to directly recall, per Google research that measured 95-98% encoding rates; reversing a fact's usual subject/object order makes recall harder, and recall failures account for more than 70% of GPT-5.2's errors. Extended \"thinking\" recovered 40-65% of the otherwise-unrecalled facts.","asof":"2026-08","source":"Search Engine Journal","section":"How the models work","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-17-google-research-entity-order-limits-llm-fact-recall:26-34","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-17-google-research-entity-order-limits-llm-fact-recall"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-19-claude-answers-are-less-accurate-than-chatgpt-s-study-finds:1-3x","type":"Figure","fig":"1.3x","claim":"How much more likely Claude is than ChatGPT to produce an inaccurate brand claim, across more than 158,000 AI-generated brand claims Profound analyzed with its FactCheck tool — overall inaccuracy rates ran 4.3-6.8% across engines. Pricing and billing was the single largest error driver: 12% of claims evaluated but 24% of inaccurate ones, and the top error theme for 66% of brands with at least ten pricing claims checked.","asof":"2026-08","source":"Profound research blog","section":"How the models work","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-19-claude-answers-are-less-accurate-than-chatgpt-s-study-finds:1-3x","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-19-claude-answers-are-less-accurate-than-chatgpt-s-study-finds"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-21-google-s-own-tests-show-ai-interfaces-beating-search-results:90","type":"Figure","fig":"90%","claim":"Win rate for AI Overviews' generated interfaces over the top organic search result in head-to-head comparisons, per Google's own research paper — though custom-built websites still beat generative UI 50% to 35.3%, and on information-seeking queries generative UI beat the top result 73.5% to 19%, per Search Engine Journal's review.","asof":"2026-08","source":"Search Engine Journal","section":"How the models work","replication":"single-source"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-21-google-s-own-tests-show-ai-interfaces-beating-search-results:90","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-21-google-s-own-tests-show-ai-interfaces-beating-search-results"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-24-claude-and-claude-code-behave-as-distinct-answer-engines:93-vs-13","type":"Figure","fig":"93% vs. 13%","claim":"Share of responses in which Claude searched the web, versus just 13% for Claude Code — the two products' agents also visited different kinds of pages (Claude Code mostly documentation and pricing pages, Claude mostly robots.txt files, sitemaps and homepages) and shared only about one in five cited brands, per a Profound analysis of 24,135 responses collected July 13-23, 2026.","asof":"2026-08","source":"Profound research blog","section":"How the models work","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-24-claude-and-claude-code-behave-as-distinct-answer-engines:93-vs-13","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-24-claude-and-claude-code-behave-as-distinct-answer-engines"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-08-27-ai-answers-on-brand-questions-are-96-accurate-but-platforms-skip-31:95-9-vs-31-2","type":"Figure","fig":"95.9% vs. 31.2%","claim":"Accuracy of AI answers to branded questions when a platform chose to respond (95.9%) versus how often it declined to answer at all (31.2%), across 1,562 branded prompts and 28,123 responses on six platforms, per a Seer Interactive analysis — Claude was most accurate of any platform when it answered (98%) but had the lowest total accuracy (52.6%) because it declined most often, while AI Mode posted the highest total accuracy (74.2%). On comparative prompts, platforms declined 80.3% of the time and were right only 18.8% of the time they answered.","asof":"2026-08","source":"Seer Interactive","section":"How the models work","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-08-27-ai-answers-on-brand-questions-are-96-accurate-but-platforms-skip-31:95-9-vs-31-2","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-08-27-ai-answers-on-brand-questions-are-96-accurate-but-platforms-skip-31"}
{"kind":"node","id":"figure:2026-09-17-un-launches-data-commons-with-google-adds-mcp-support:21-2","type":"Figure","fig":"21.2%","claim":"Average accuracy of six leading AI models — including GPT-4o, Claude and Gemini variants — answering questions about global development statistics, across a UNICEF benchmark of 133,000 questions; roughly 60% of answers lacked a usable number at all, per TechCrunch. The finding prompted the UN to launch its own agent-queryable Data Commons platform with Google on September 17, 2026.","asof":"2026-09","source":"TechCrunch AI","section":"How the models work","replication":"unchecked"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"figure:2026-09-17-un-launches-data-commons-with-google-adds-mcp-support:21-2","rel":"published_in","to":"item:2026-09-17-un-launches-data-commons-with-google-adds-mcp-support"}
{"kind":"node","id":"claim:training-block-vs-search","type":"Claim","question":"Can I block AI training without losing search traffic?","claim":"With Google and OpenAI, yes — both state in their own documentation that the training and search crawlers are independent. Anthropic runs separable crawlers but publishes no equivalent guarantee. In every case the block is a request rather than a lock — and on Cloudflare-proxied sites, the layer enforcing it can undo the operator's own separation: taking Cloudflare's September 15 default blocks Google's, Apple's and Bing's search crawlers too, because those crawlers are multi-purpose.","status":"settled","asof":"2026-09-16","url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/state/#training-block-vs-search"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:training-block-vs-search","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-27-no-major-ai-crawler-publicly-meets-all-four-of-cloudflare-s-conditions","establishes":"Each operator's documented position on training-versus-search independence, checked the same day against their own pages.","flag":"wire analysis of published documentation — Cloudflare has published no compliance list"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:training-block-vs-search","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-16-chatgpt-ads-expand-to-europe-as-crawler-bypasses-blocks","establishes":"That a declared block is not reliably observed.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:training-block-vs-search","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-01-iab-australia-sorts-ai-crawlers-into-four-access-verdicts","establishes":"That the access decision is per-crawler rather than blanket, and that a trade body has formalized it into four verdicts.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:training-block-vs-search","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-30-cloudflare-s-september-15-default-blocks-googlebot-on-ad-bearing-pages","establishes":"That Cloudflare's own September 15 default, not a hypothetical worst case, blocks Google's, Apple's and Bing's search crawlers on sites that take it, because those crawlers are multi-purpose.","flag":"wire analysis of Cloudflare's own posts — scope for existing free customers is disputed and Cloudflare has not clarified it"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:training-block-vs-search","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-30-greynoise-finds-forged-claudebot-and-gptbot-traffic-hunting-for","establishes":"That the user-agent string alone is forgeable at scale, the identity gap behind Cloudflare's verification conditions.","flag":"GreyNoise research — single-source, no affected organization named"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:training-block-vs-search","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-16-ietf-ai-preference-draft-splits-training-from-use","establishes":"That the underlying standard for expressing training-versus-search preferences is itself still being drafted, with a September 16 revision formalizing the split this claim already tracks operator by operator.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:training-block-vs-search","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-08-23-cloudflare-rewrites-robots-txt-gates-access-on-disclosure","date":"2026-08-23","note":"Cloudflare's Bot Preference Sync made continued access for dual-purpose crawlers conditional on four public disclosures — honoring the no-training preference, offering an AI-summary opt-out, reporting URL-level training visibility alongside search metrics, and publicly showing the block does not hurt search.","was":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:training-block-vs-search","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-08-27-no-major-ai-crawler-publicly-meets-all-four-of-cloudflare-s-conditions","date":"2026-08-27","note":"Checked against each operator's own documentation: none meets all four — Google three, OpenAI two, Anthropic none it documents. The condition all three fail is URL-level reporting of what was made available for training.","was":"Whether any major operator met Cloudflare's conditions was unanswered by the announcement."}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:training-block-vs-search","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-08-30-cloudflare-s-september-15-default-blocks-googlebot-on-ad-bearing-pages","date":"2026-08-30","note":"Cloudflare's September 15 default collapses that separation on sites that take it: Training and Agent are blocked by default on ad-bearing pages for new domains, and because Googlebot, Applebot and BingBot are multi-purpose, a Training block reaches them too — so the default itself produces the harm its own fourth condition requires an operator to show doesn't happen.","was":"Cloudflare's four conditions and its crawler-classification defaults were treated as separate layers — one about continued access for dual-purpose crawlers, one about what a site blocks by default."}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:training-block-vs-search","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-27-no-major-ai-crawler-publicly-meets-all-four-of-cloudflare-s-conditions","subject":"Google","position":"Documents it. Google-Extended \"does not impact a site's inclusion in Google Search nor is it used as a ranking signal in Google Search.\"","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:training-block-vs-search","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-27-no-major-ai-crawler-publicly-meets-all-four-of-cloudflare-s-conditions","subject":"OpenAI","position":"Documents it. Its crawler documentation states a webmaster can allow OAI-SearchBot to appear in search results while disallowing GPTBot.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:training-block-vs-search","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-27-no-major-ai-crawler-publicly-meets-all-four-of-cloudflare-s-conditions","subject":"Anthropic","position":"Runs ClaudeBot and Claude-SearchBot as separate agents, but its published help page does not say that blocking the first preserves the second.","status":"thin"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:training-block-vs-search","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-30-cloudflare-s-september-15-default-blocks-googlebot-on-ad-bearing-pages","subject":"Cloudflare (proxy default, from Sept 15)","position":"Contradicts its own fourth condition on sites that take the default. Blocking Training also blocks Googlebot, Applebot and BingBot, because those crawlers are multi-purpose — the opposite of publicly showing the block doesn't hurt search. Applies to ad-bearing pages on new domains onboarding to Cloudflare; existing domains keep their current settings, and owners can opt out in Security settings any time before September 15.","status":"moving"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:training-block-vs-search","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:aeo"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:training-block-vs-search","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:engines"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:training-block-vs-search","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:law-money"}
{"kind":"node","id":"claim:crawler-access-payment","type":"Claim","question":"Is AI-crawler access now a paywall rather than a block?","claim":"On the Cloudflare-proxied publishers the wire tracks, yes for some — access is starting to split by whether the crawler's operator pays rather than by whether the site allows AI crawling at all. Four large publishers now block OpenAI's GPTBot outright while continuing to bill Anthropic's ClaudeBot and Perplexity's crawler through Cloudflare's Pay Per Crawl. Other large sites reject the split entirely and block every crawler, paying or not.","status":"moving","asof":"2026-09-16","url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/state/#crawler-access-payment"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:crawler-access-payment","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-13-people-inc-sites-and-the-atlantic-block-gptbot-still-bill-claude","establishes":"That four Cloudflare-proxied publishers split crawler access by payment on September 13 — GPTBot blocked, ClaudeBot and PerplexityBot still billed via Pay Per Crawl — while Quora and Reddit hardened separately without the same split.","flag":"wire's own crawler access panel — self-sourced daily probe of 55 publisher domains, single day's capture, not yet corroborated elsewhere"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:crawler-access-payment","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-01-cloudflare-evolves-pay-per-crawl-into-usage-based-ai-search-payments","establishes":"The Pay Per Crawl / Pay Per Use mechanism these sites are applying — usage-based payment for AI crawler access, announced by Cloudflare July 1, 2026.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:crawler-access-payment","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-16-google-pilots-paying-select-publishers-via-search-console","establishes":"That Google is piloting a distinct, answer-contribution payment mechanism for publishers, separate from the crawler-access payment layer the rest of this claim tracks.","flag":"Google-confirmed early-stage pilot — no disclosed rate, eligibility, or publisher count"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:crawler-access-payment","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-16-el-pa-s-blocks-gptbot-claudebot-and-perplexitybot","establishes":"That El País blocked all three major crawlers outright and Stack Overflow moved one crawler from Cloudflare's paid Pay Per Crawl track to a flat block — enforcement-layer changes neither site's robots.txt alone would show.","flag":"wire's own crawler access panel — second capture day, not yet corroborated elsewhere"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:crawler-access-payment","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-09-16-google-pilots-paying-select-publishers-via-search-console","date":"2026-09-16","note":"Google confirmed a separate, early-stage pilot paying select publishers via a Search Console panel when their content contributes significantly to an AI answer — a payment tied to answer contribution rather than crawler access, alongside rather than instead of the crawler-payment split tracked above.","was":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:crawler-access-payment","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-09-16-el-pa-s-blocks-gptbot-claudebot-and-perplexitybot","date":"2026-09-16","note":"El País blocked GPTBot, ClaudeBot and PerplexityBot outright, becoming the second large publisher after Quora to reject the payment split entirely. Separately, Stack Overflow moved Anthropic's ClaudeBot off Cloudflare's Pay Per Crawl track onto a flat block while leaving GPTBot and PerplexityBot behind the same Cloudflare challenge as before — the panel's first capture of a crawler moving from paid to blocked.","was":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:crawler-access-payment","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-13-people-inc-sites-and-the-atlantic-block-gptbot-still-bill-claude","subject":"OpenAI's GPTBot, at Allrecipes / Investopedia / People / The Atlantic","position":"Blocked outright — a Cloudflare-managed 403, matching what a plain browser request now draws at the same four sites, up from a 200 the day before.","status":"moving"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:crawler-access-payment","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-13-people-inc-sites-and-the-atlantic-block-gptbot-still-bill-claude","subject":"Anthropic's ClaudeBot and Perplexity's crawler, at the same four sites","position":"Unchanged — still met with Cloudflare's Pay Per Crawl 402, the same paid-access gate as before September 12.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:crawler-access-payment","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-13-people-inc-sites-and-the-atlantic-block-gptbot-still-bill-claude","subject":"Quora","position":"Rejects the split: a flat 403 for GPTBot, ClaudeBot, PerplexityBot and a browser alike, and a newly-readable robots.txt disallowing all three crawlers by name plus a notice barring AI-training use outright.","status":"moving"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:crawler-access-payment","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-13-people-inc-sites-and-the-atlantic-block-gptbot-still-bill-claude","subject":"Reddit","position":"Tightened separately, on its own infrastructure: browser and PerplexityBot requests that drew a 200 the day before now draw a 403. This capture does not isolate GPTBot or ClaudeBot's status there.","status":"thin"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:crawler-access-payment","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-16-el-pa-s-blocks-gptbot-claudebot-and-perplexitybot","subject":"El País","position":"Rejects the split: a flat 403 for GPTBot, ClaudeBot and PerplexityBot alike as of September 16, up from a 200 on September 13 — a second large publisher, after Quora, blocking every crawler rather than billing some.","status":"moving"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:crawler-access-payment","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-16-el-pa-s-blocks-gptbot-claudebot-and-perplexitybot","subject":"Anthropic's ClaudeBot, at Stack Overflow","position":"Moved off Cloudflare's Pay Per Crawl 402 onto a flat 403 block as of September 16 — the panel's first capture of a crawler moving from the paid track to blocked rather than the reverse.","status":"moving"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:crawler-access-payment","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-16-el-pa-s-blocks-gptbot-claudebot-and-perplexitybot","subject":"OpenAI's GPTBot and Perplexity's crawler, at Stack Overflow","position":"Unchanged — still met with a Cloudflare challenge, unpaid and unblocked, as before September 16.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:crawler-access-payment","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-16-google-pilots-paying-select-publishers-via-search-console","subject":"Google — Search Console AI-answer payment pilot","position":"A separate, early-stage pilot, confirmed by Google: pays a small set of publishers for content that \"contributes significantly\" to an AI answer, not for crawl access. No disclosed rate, eligibility, or publisher count; sources call the earnings calculation \"quite black box.\"","status":"thin"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:crawler-access-payment","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:tools"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:crawler-access-payment","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:aeo"}
{"kind":"node","id":"claim:measurement-disagreement","type":"Claim","question":"Why don't AI visibility tools agree with each other?","claim":"Because they measure different engines, query sets and windows. Two trackers reporting opposite trends for the same subject are usually both correct, and the disagreement is methodological rather than factual — which is why the fact of disagreement stays stable while every number under it moves.","status":"settled","asof":"2026-09-04","url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/state/#measurement-disagreement"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:measurement-disagreement","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-27-reddit-s-citation-drop-is-chatgpt-only-86-there-11-on-ai-overviews","establishes":"That the two headline Reddit measurements were different engines, with per-engine numbers for all three surfaces.","flag":"Promptwatch study — vendor-published and called provisional by its author"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:measurement-disagreement","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-30-query-fan-out-decides-ai-citation-before-a-page-is-ever-read","establishes":"That the query-writing step predicts final citation far better than retrieved-page content, connecting the ChatGPT query-fan-out measurement to the Aug 8 change behind the Reddit collapse.","flag":"wire analysis connecting two single-source, ChatGPT-only measurements"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:measurement-disagreement","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-16-brightedge-reddit-s-ai-citation-surge-has-plateaued-at-a-higher","establishes":"Where Reddit's AI citation volume actually sits (~88% Google AI Overviews), which is what makes the split decisive.","flag":"BrightEdge study — vendor-published"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:measurement-disagreement","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-07-29-writesonic-study-finds-ai-engines-often-skip-naming-source-brands","establishes":"How wide the engine-to-engine spread is inside one methodology.","flag":"Writesonic study — vendor-published"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:measurement-disagreement","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-16-gemini-3-7-flash-rolls-out-in-google-ai-mode","establishes":"That the model under a surface changes, dating studies measured on the prior one.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:measurement-disagreement","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-02-gemini-3-8-flash-lands-in-google-ai-mode","establishes":"That the swap cadence continued — a fourth Flash-family model in AI Mode within six weeks.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:measurement-disagreement","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-03-gemini-3-8-flash-cites-fewer-sources-in-google-ai-mode","establishes":"That the newest swap may not just reshuffle citations but sharply cut their count on some query types.","flag":"practitioner screenshots, no query sample or methodology — confirmed real by Google the next day"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:measurement-disagreement","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-04-google-confirms-ai-mode-citation-bug-in-gemini-3-8-flash","establishes":"That the drop was real rather than anecdotal: Google's Search VP of product confirmed AI Mode citations from Gemini 3.8 Flash are not working as intended and said a fix is coming.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:measurement-disagreement","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-04-chatgpt-s-in-house-search-index-still-leans-on-google-bing","establishes":"That ChatGPT blends at least four retrieval backends — its own Labrador index, Google, Bing, and two scraping services — so a dashboard reading one of them is not reading the whole surface.","flag":"single-source — confirmation pending"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:measurement-disagreement","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-09-04-google-confirms-ai-mode-citation-bug-in-gemini-3-8-flash","date":"2026-09-04","note":"Google confirmed it. Robby Stein, Search's VP of product, said AI Mode citations generated with Gemini 3.8 Flash are not working as intended and a fix is coming soon — the finding moves from anecdotal to acknowledged, though still without a query sample or stated scope.","was":"Whether Gemini 3.8 Flash's reported citation drop was real rested on two practitioners' screenshots, unconfirmed by Google."}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:measurement-disagreement","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:aeo"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:measurement-disagreement","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:research"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:measurement-disagreement","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:tools"}
{"kind":"node","id":"claim:citation-drift","type":"Claim","question":"Once I'm cited, do I stay cited?","claim":"Not reliably. For most prompts a small stable core of domains holds while everything around it rotates fast — the largest published measurement found Google replaces 56% of its AI-answer citations every week, ChatGPT as much as 74%. The instability is structural, not a sign anything is broken, and three separate measurements had already caught pieces of the same mechanism before this one supplied the base rate.","status":"settled","asof":"2026-09-11","url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/state/#citation-drift"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:citation-drift","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-01-sistrix-chatgpt-replaces-74-of-its-cited-sources-every-week","establishes":"The headline weekly churn rates and the stable-core structure underneath them.","flag":"SISTRIX study — vendor-published, not replicated; window closed 2026-04-08, before later model changes"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:citation-drift","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-11-brightedge-reddit-s-chatgpt-education-citations-hit-zero","establishes":"That a vacated citation slot doesn't revert to variety — it's claimed by a narrower set of domains that then holds, tested in a single vertical where Reddit's ChatGPT citation share went to exactly zero.","flag":"BrightEdge study — vendor-published; robots.txt causal attribution is BrightEdge's own, not independently confirmed"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:citation-drift","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-04-google-confirms-ai-mode-citation-bug-in-gemini-3-8-flash","establishes":"That a model swap can drop AI Mode citations to near zero as a bug, not just shift the rate — the sharpest confirmed instance of the model-swap caveat.","flag":"confirms a report flagged single-source a day earlier"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:citation-drift","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-06-ai-mode-citation-mix-shifts-from-publishers-toward-retail-products","establishes":"Prior, independent evidence of the engine's preference shifting — one of drift's three mechanisms.","flag":"Search Signals Index — Kevin Indig/Growth Memo analysis, self-published data"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:citation-drift","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-27-reddit-s-citation-drop-is-chatgpt-only-86-there-11-on-ai-overviews","establishes":"Prior, independent evidence of a retrieval-method change driving drift for a single subject.","flag":"Promptwatch study — vendor-published and called provisional by its author"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:citation-drift","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-16-profound-adds-citation-lifespan-tracking","establishes":"That a vendor is now building longitudinal tracking for exactly this behavior.","flag":"Profound product launch — vendor's own framing"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:citation-drift","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-09-04-google-confirms-ai-mode-citation-bug-in-gemini-3-8-flash","date":"2026-09-04","note":"Gemini 3.8 Flash's rollout to AI Mode on Sept. 2 was followed by reports of zero citations on some queries; Google confirmed it as a bug on Sept. 4 and said a fix was coming.","was":"The model-swap caveat on citation share was a standing inference from base rates, not a documented instance of a swap breaking citation outright."}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:citation-drift","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:aeo"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:citation-drift","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:research"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:citation-drift","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:tools"}
{"kind":"node","id":"claim:publisher-controls","type":"Claim","question":"What can a publisher actually control about AI answers?","claim":"Appearance and training are separate controls and no single lever covers both. Google now offers the only control that removes a site from AI Overviews and AI Mode without touching ordinary Search — it reached all sites worldwide on August 31, 2026, and it does not cover training.","status":"moving","asof":"2026-08-31","url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/state/#publisher-controls"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:publisher-controls","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-31-search-console-s-ai-overviews-opt-out-control-rolls-out-to-all-sites","establishes":"That the control reached all sites worldwide, and that Search Console's AI performance reports did too.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:publisher-controls","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-27-what-google-s-ai-overviews-opt-out-does-and-two-things-it-does-not","establishes":"What the control does, what it does not cover, and the caveat Google's ring-fence language leaves open.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:publisher-controls","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-07-28-google-s-ai-opt-out-setting-may-cost-publishers-top-stories-placement","establishes":"The Top Stories exposure a news publisher takes on by opting out.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:publisher-controls","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-01-uk-s-cma-orders-google-to-give-publishers-ai-opt-out-and-attribution","establishes":"The binding regulatory requirement the control partially answers, and its clock.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:publisher-controls","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-08-31-search-console-s-ai-overviews-opt-out-control-rolls-out-to-all-sites","date":"2026-08-31","note":"Google's Search Console documentation now says the control reached all sites worldwide, closing the rollout gap flagged four days earlier. Search Console's AI performance reports reached the same global availability.","was":"Rolling out to a subset of site owners, with no published schedule for the rest."}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:publisher-controls","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-08-27-what-google-s-ai-overviews-opt-out-does-and-two-things-it-does-not","date":"2026-08-27","note":"Search Console's Search generative AI control was documented, closing the gap for appearance but not for training. Establishing this fact also unblocked the crawler-compliance story, which had stalled on exactly it.","was":"No control separated AI Overviews from ordinary Search: leaving one meant accepting damage somewhere else."}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:publisher-controls","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-31-search-console-s-ai-overviews-opt-out-control-rolls-out-to-all-sites","subject":"Search generative AI control (Search Console)","position":"Removes a site from AI Overviews, AI Mode and Discover's generative features in one to two days. Google says it \"isn't used as a ranking or inclusion signal affecting other parts of Search.\" Rolled out to all sites worldwide as of August 31, 2026; does not cover training.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:publisher-controls","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:google-search"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:publisher-controls","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:aeo"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:publisher-controls","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:law-money"}
{"kind":"node","id":"claim:llms-txt-effect","type":"Claim","question":"Does llms.txt do anything?","claim":"For Google, no — its documentation says outright that no AI text file is needed to appear in its AI features. For every other major engine there is no published answer either way, and the one large-scale measurement found 97% of llms.txt files were never read by an AI crawler.","status":"thin","asof":"2026-08-31","url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/state/#llms-txt-effect"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:llms-txt-effect","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-18-ahrefs-study-llms-txt-files-mostly-unread-by-ai-crawlers","establishes":"The only large-scale measurement of whether the files are read at all.","flag":"Ahrefs study — vendor-published"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:llms-txt-effect","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-01-google-guidance-machine-readable-ai-files-do-nothing-for-search","establishes":"Google's own position, stated in its documentation rather than inferred.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:llms-txt-effect","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-17-llms-txt-spec-adds-link-relations-for-markdown-discovery","establishes":"That the spec is under active revision, so measurements have a shelf life.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:llms-txt-effect","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-31-google-s-mueller-ai-crawlers-aren-t-requesting-markdown","establishes":"A second, behavioral data point pointing the same direction as the Ahrefs read rate: on Google's own test sites, no major AI crawler requested markdown.","flag":"anecdotal — Mueller's own test sites, not a published study"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:llms-txt-effect","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-31-common-crawl-two-thirds-of-llms-txt-files-are-templates","establishes":"That most llms.txt files in the wild are template-generated rather than hand-authored, a likely contributor to the low read rate.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:llms-txt-effect","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-01-google-guidance-machine-readable-ai-files-do-nothing-for-search","subject":"Google","position":"Says it is unnecessary: \"You don't need to create new machine readable files, AI text files, or markup to appear in these features.\"","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:llms-txt-effect","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:aeo"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:llms-txt-effect","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:tools"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:llms-txt-effect","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:llmeo"}
{"kind":"node","id":"claim:traffic-reality","type":"Claim","question":"Are AI answers costing me traffic?","claim":"It depends on what you publish, and part of the disagreement is instrumentation. Commerce reports AI referrals as growth; nonprofit and health publishers report the steepest declines; general-news outlets diverge — Le Monde reports none seven weeks after AI Overviews launched in France, while People Inc.'s Google search traffic fell 40% — and Google's own figure arrives without methodology. The one non-vendor academic estimate, a University of Washington study of Wikipedia, lands far below the self-reported figures at roughly 5%. Before any of it is compared, 22.4% of AI Overview traffic is misattributed away from Organic Search.","status":"contested","asof":"2026-09-16","url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/state/#traffic-reality"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-07-20-google-claims-ai-search-sends-billions-of-clicks-weekly-without-the","establishes":"The engine's own claim, and that it arrived without data.","flag":"vendor statement, no methodology published"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-05-shopify-says-ai-driven-traffic-and-orders-tripled-year-over-year-in-q2","establishes":"That AI referrals read as growth in commerce, first-party.","flag":"vendor-published, earnings call"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-18-study-finds-ai-overview-traffic-misattributed-22-of-time","establishes":"That the instrument understates the channel before comparison.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-07-30-similarweb-95-of-chatgpt-users-also-search-on-google","establishes":"That AI search is layering on top of traditional search rather than replacing it, and that the cited URL and the landing page differ.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-19-microsoft-clarity-adds-an-ai-scrape-to-referral-ratio","establishes":"That crawl volume and referral value are now separately measurable, and diverge sharply.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-29-google-confirms-ai-overviews-now-dynamically-expand","establishes":"That Google has confirmed AI Overviews can skip the \"Show more\" click entirely for some queries, without disclosing the trigger or attaching traffic data.","flag":"confirms a behavior first flagged unconfirmed on 2026-08-27; no traffic data attached"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-08-google-tests-narrower-citations-panel-in-ai-overviews","establishes":"That Google is testing a narrower AI Overviews citations panel that could make source links less prominent, unconfirmed.","flag":"unconfirmed test, spotted independently twice; no rollout confirmed"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-10-publishers-spent-113m-on-paid-search-as-ai-erodes-traffic","establishes":"That publishers are increasingly paying for the search traffic AI answers are taking from them organically for free — a growing spend line, not just an absorbed loss.","flag":"Similarweb data via Adweek/PPC Land — vendor-published"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-10-le-monde-ceo-no-ai-overviews-traffic-decline-in-france","establishes":"That at least one hard-news outlet has seen no AI Overviews traffic decline, with the CEO locating the damage he does see in service-content categories rather than news.","flag":"single CEO interview, unconfirmed independently"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-11-study-google-ai-overviews-cut-wikipedia-search-referrals-5","establishes":"The record's only non-vendor, non-self-reported estimate — and that the same underlying effect produced a threefold-different headline (15% to 5%) depending on methodology, before Google's dispute is even factored in.","flag":"single academic study, disputed by Google, not independently replicated"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-16-ahrefs-ai-overviews-cut-ctr-23-in-france","establishes":"Independent, site-level Google Search Console evidence of AI Overviews' France launch effect on CTR and clicks, corroborating APIG's alleged decline and consistent with Le Monde's CEO locating the damage he sees in service-content categories.","flag":"Ahrefs study — vendor-published, 9-day post-launch window, not independently replicated"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-09-16-ahrefs-ai-overviews-cut-ctr-23-in-france","date":"2026-09-16","note":"Ahrefs' analysis of Google Search Console data across 963 French domains found sites most exposed to AI Overviews lost 23.1% of CTR in the nine days after the July 22 launch, with a 5.7% median CTR loss and 8.8% median click loss overall — independent, site-level evidence of the decline APIG alleged, concentrated in the same service-content categories (health worst-hit) Le Monde's CEO said carried the damage he does see.","was":"The France picture rested on APIG's industry-wide alleged search-referral loss (33-38%) against Le Monde's single-title account of no decline."}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-09-11-study-google-ai-overviews-cut-wikipedia-search-referrals-5","date":"2026-09-11","note":"A University of Washington study added the first non-vendor, non-self-reported estimate to the record — roughly a 5% cut to Wikipedia's search referrals, well below every self-reported figure above, and itself revised down from an initial ~15% draft estimate after methodology changes. Google disputes the estimate.","was":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-07-23-alphabet-q2-search-revenue-up-17-as-growth-eases","date":"2026-07-23","note":"Alphabet reported Q2 Search revenue of $63.27 billion, up 17% year over year — the first deceleration after four quarters of accelerating growth. The money says the business has not broken, only slowed.","was":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-08-03-zero-click-google-searches-hit-a-record-high-ai-mode-use-stays-flat","date":"2026-08-03","note":"The same report that recorded the zero-click record put AI Mode at 0.13% of U.S. search-related visits and plateauing, which separates the two trends rather than linking them.","was":"The zero-click rise was widely attributed to AI answer surfaces."}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-07-20-google-claims-ai-search-sends-billions-of-clicks-weekly-without-the","subject":"Google (the engine)","position":"Says AI features in Search send \"billions of clicks\" to websites weekly. No methodology accompanied the claim, and it has published no supporting data.","status":"thin"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-05-shopify-says-ai-driven-traffic-and-orders-tripled-year-over-year-in-q2","subject":"Commerce","position":"Growth. Shopify reported AI-driven traffic and orders tripled year over year in Q2, half of AI-referred sessions landing on product pages — 2.5x traditional search — and framed AI as a complement rather than a substitute.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-04-people-inc-won-t-block-google-s-ai-crawlers-despite-traffic-slide","subject":"News publishers","position":"Decline, and not enough leverage to act on it. Google search fell to 21% of People Inc.'s traffic from 25% the prior quarter, with core sessions down 22% year over year and Google search traffic specifically down 40% — and the publisher still declined to block, saying that would \"turn off search\".","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-10-le-monde-ceo-no-ai-overviews-traffic-decline-in-france","subject":"Le Monde (hard news, France)","position":"No decline seven weeks after AI Overviews launched in France — 24,000 new subscribers in each of July and August 2026 and English-language traffic up 7% in H1 2026 versus H1 2025. CEO Louis Dreyfus attributes the sharpest AI Overviews losses to service-content categories (health, food, automotive, down as much as 50%) rather than news, and notes search drives only about half of a major news site's total visits.","status":"thin"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-17-uk-charities-report-steep-traffic-losses-to-google-ai-overviews","subject":"Nonprofit and health information","position":"The sharpest declines in the record. Blood Cancer UK's leukaemia page lost 53% of page views year over year, with 17-45% declines across its other blood cancer pages. Save the Children logged a 303% rise in AI Overview appearances while both clicks and impressions fell.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-18-study-finds-ai-overview-traffic-misattributed-22-of-time","subject":"The instrument","position":"Understates the channel before anyone compares it. An average 22.4% of AI Overview traffic was recorded as Direct rather than Organic Search across a nine-month, 51,200-click study — worst at 29.3% in May 2026.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-10-publishers-spent-113m-on-paid-search-as-ai-erodes-traffic","subject":"Publishers, buying it back","position":"Paying for what they lost. Similarweb's Top 100 Media publishers spent an estimated $113 million on Google paid search in July 2026, up 41% year over year and 274% over three years — Forbes alone accounted for $72.2 million (about two-thirds of the total) as its organic traffic fell 26.7% year over year; CNN and USA Today saw organic declines of 28.9% and 24.1% over the same span.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-11-study-google-ai-overviews-cut-wikipedia-search-referrals-5","subject":"Wikipedia (independent academic estimate)","position":"The lowest figure in the record, and the only one not self-reported. A University of Washington study puts AI Overviews' cut to English Wikipedia's search referrals at roughly 5% since 2024 — revised down from a draft estimate near 15% — against Google's dispute that the underlying referral data can't be isolated to its engine alone.","status":"thin"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-16-ahrefs-ai-overviews-cut-ctr-23-in-france","subject":"France, site-level (Ahrefs, GSC data)","position":"The record's first independent, site-level read of a national AI Overviews launch. Sites most exposed lost 23.1% of CTR nine days after France's July 22, 2026 launch; the 963-domain median lost 5.7% of CTR and 8.8% of clicks. Concentrated in the same service-content categories — health worst of all — that Le Monde's CEO named as where the damage he sees actually sits.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:seo"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:google-search"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:traffic-reality","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:research"}
{"kind":"node","id":"claim:onpage-levers","type":"Claim","question":"What on-page work actually moves AI citation?","claim":"The levers that measure are the ones that were already SEO — being in the search index, ranking well, being reachable in plain HTML, and keeping pages current. The AI-specific file formats measure near zero.","status":"settled","asof":"2026-09-09","url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/state/#onpage-levers"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:onpage-levers","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-18-ahrefs-study-llms-txt-files-mostly-unread-by-ai-crawlers","establishes":"That index presence dominates, and that the two named AI-specific tactics measure near zero.","flag":"vendor-published (Ahrefs), ~15 million data points"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:onpage-levers","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-19-41-day-test-finds-ai-crawlers-miss-javascript-only-links-entirely","establishes":"That AI crawlers are stricter than Googlebot on JavaScript-rendered links.","flag":"single-site experiment, 2,400 pages over 41 days"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:onpage-levers","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-06-study-ties-ai-citation-likelihood-to-how-recently-a-page-was-updated","establishes":"That recency tracks citation likelihood, and by how much per engine.","flag":"vendor-published (Seer Interactive), four brands"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:onpage-levers","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-07-29-pillarbase-study-15-7-million-ai-mode-citations-show-what-google","establishes":"What shape a repeatedly-reused passage has.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:onpage-levers","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-24-google-says-geo-needs-no-special-tactics-beyond-seo","establishes":"Google's own stated position that no separate optimization target exists.","flag":"spokesperson statement on social, not documentation"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:onpage-levers","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-17-google-research-entity-order-limits-llm-fact-recall","establishes":"That the entity-order finding is a model-recall result its own authors do not extend to publisher practice.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:onpage-levers","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-31-competitor-aware-geo-strategy-selection-beats-single-heuristic","establishes":"That the optimal GEO content-rewriting strategy is competitor-dependent rather than fixed, per a competitor-aware benchmark.","flag":"arXiv preprint, synthetic benchmark — not tested against real citation data"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:onpage-levers","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-01-study-repeated-geo-optimization-homogenizes-content","establishes":"That repeated content-rewriting under a ranking incentive degrades ranking-quality alignment in simulation, across six domains, isolated to the optimization pressure itself by a control run.","flag":"arXiv preprint, simulation framework (CHASE) — not tested against real citation data"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:onpage-levers","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-09-geo-content-scores-barely-predict-ai-citations-study-finds","establishes":"That the specific GEO levers identified in 2023 studies no longer move citations when re-tested against ten modern AI engine families, and that a deterministic content-quality score correlates only weakly (Spearman 0.11) with actual citations.","flag":"arXiv preprint, 500-source adversarial benchmark — not yet peer reviewed"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:onpage-levers","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-08-18-ahrefs-study-llms-txt-files-mostly-unread-by-ai-crawlers","date":"2026-08-18","note":"Schema markup moved from an assumed AI-citation lever to a measured null: no lift across 1,885 pages over 30 days, in the same analysis that found 97% of llms.txt files unread.","was":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:onpage-levers","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-08-24-google-says-geo-needs-no-special-tactics-beyond-seo","date":"2026-08-24","note":"Google stated the position directly — \"there’s nothing really special you need to do for generative AI responses in search\" — framing AI Overviews and AI Mode as drawing on the standard search index.","was":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:onpage-levers","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-09-01-study-repeated-geo-optimization-homogenizes-content","date":"2026-09-01","note":"A second simulation, CHASE, ran the same concern forward: across 20 rounds of content creators rewriting to match ranking signals, alignment between ranking and independently assessed quality declined in all six domains tested, isolated to the optimization incentive itself by a control run that showed no such decline. The authors first validated ranking as a stand-in for LLM citation at a 0.853 rank-citation AUC. Still simulation, not measured against real citation data — but two independent papers now model the same degradation from different angles.","was":"One synthetic-benchmark paper found the optimal single-strategy approach could fall below an unoptimized baseline as competition increased — early formal evidence, not yet tested against real citation data."}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:onpage-levers","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-09-09-geo-content-scores-barely-predict-ai-citations-study-finds","date":"2026-09-09","note":"A study validating a deterministic GEO content-quality score re-tested the field's original 2023 citation-lever effect sizes against ten modern AI engine families and found none of them moved citations — recalibrating the score to current data stripped it of its lever-responsive components entirely. The score's own within-query correlation with actual citations was weak (Spearman 0.11), positioning content scores as quality filters rather than citation predictors.","was":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:onpage-levers","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-18-ahrefs-study-llms-txt-files-mostly-unread-by-ai-crawlers","subject":"Search-index presence","position":"The dominant lever. 88.46% of AI citations trace to pages in the general search index; 76% of passages reused 100+ times already ranked #1 organically.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:onpage-levers","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-19-41-day-test-finds-ai-crawlers-miss-javascript-only-links-entirely","subject":"Crawlability in plain HTML","position":"Decisive, and stricter than Googlebot. Over 41 days GPTBot, ClaudeBot and Bingbot reached none of a 2,400-page site's JavaScript-linked pages; Googlebot reached 2% against GoogleOther's 48%.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:onpage-levers","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-06-study-ties-ai-citation-likelihood-to-how-recently-a-page-was-updated","subject":"Recency","position":"Measures, and varies by engine. Of 47,097 citations, 75% of cited pages had been updated within a year and 88% within two — Gemini 78%, ChatGPT 73%, Perplexity 65%. Last-modified date tracked citation better than original publish date (72% vs 42%).","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:onpage-levers","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-07-29-pillarbase-study-15-7-million-ai-mode-citations-show-what-google","subject":"Passage shape","position":"Observable in what gets reused. Across 15.7 million AI Mode citations, 80.9% of passages were cited once, while roughly 2,300 were reused 61+ times and skew short (117-word median), answer-first and self-contained.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:onpage-levers","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-18-ahrefs-study-llms-txt-files-mostly-unread-by-ai-crawlers","subject":"AI-specific files (llms.txt, schema)","position":"No measurable effect. 97% of llms.txt files were never read by an AI crawler, and schema markup produced no citation lift across 1,885 pages over 30 days.","status":"thin"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:onpage-levers","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-09-geo-content-scores-barely-predict-ai-citations-study-finds","subject":"2023-era GEO content levers","position":"Expired on modern engines. Re-testing the original 2023 citation-lever effect sizes on ten modern AI engine families found none of them moved citations; a content score built from those levers correlated with actual citations at just 0.11 within-query.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:onpage-levers","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:aeo"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:onpage-levers","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:geo"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:onpage-levers","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:seo"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:onpage-levers","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:research"}
{"kind":"node","id":"claim:ads-in-answers","type":"Claim","question":"Can I buy my way into AI answers?","claim":"You can buy a slot, but not a citation — they are separate games. Ads run on about a quarter of ChatGPT's commercial prompts and nearly one in three commercial AI Mode queries, and only 3.63% of the advertisers whose ads ran were also cited as a source in the answer above them. The ad stack is scaling faster than the reporting under it.","status":"moving","asof":"2026-09-17","url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/state/#ads-in-answers"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-11-chatgpt-ads-appear-on-a-quarter-of-commercial-prompts","establishes":"Ad load on commercial prompts, the share of ads unrelated to the conversation, and the overlap between advertising and being cited.","flag":"vendor-published (SE Ranking), 50,000+ prompts across 20 niches"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-24-retail-takes-39-of-chatgpt-ad-slots-on-24-of-queries","establishes":"Ad load across all US queries, items per response, and category concentration.","flag":"vendor-published (Adthena), ~850,000 US and UK queries, March-May 2026"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-07-23-ads-appear-on-a-third-of-commercial-ai-mode-queries-analysis-finds","establishes":"That advertisers are rarely among the cited sources on Google's AI Mode.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-19-chatgpt-ads-go-live-in-31-more-european-markets","establishes":"The pace and shape of geographic rollout, and OpenAI's own revenue-growth figure.","flag":"vendor statement for the revenue figure"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-21-chatgpt-ads-adds-platform-targeting-but-reporting-still-lags","establishes":"That the reporting layer lags the targeting controls it is meant to measure.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-16-similarweb-launches-ad-tracking-for-chatgpt-and-ai-mode","establishes":"That a third-party view of live creatives and landing pages now exists across ChatGPT and Google's AI surfaces.","flag":"vendor-published (Similarweb)"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-31-google-ai-mode-adds-inline-shopping-ad-carousel","establishes":"That AI Mode's shopping ad carousel now appears inline in the response, not only below it.","flag":"single-source (ad-format tracker Brodie Clark, via Search Engine Roundtable) — Google has not confirmed"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-31-chatgpt-ads-reaches-1-billion-annualized-revenue-run-rate","establishes":"The $1 billion annualized revenue run-rate milestone and the self-service Ads Manager rollout to India, Europe, the Middle East and North Africa.","flag":"OpenAI-reported — annualized run rate, not audited revenue"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-03-financial-services-surges-into-chatgpt-s-top-ad-spenders","establishes":"That financial services jumped to a top-ten ChatGPT ad-spend category and retail's share fell, alongside overall ad density growth and carousel-format adoption.","flag":"vendor-published (Sensor Tower)"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-03-comscore-sponsored-chatgpt-ads-hit-24-of-hotel-prompts","establishes":"That sponsored links in hotel-related ChatGPT prompts quadrupled over three months, measured via opt-in panel data.","flag":"vendor-published (Comscore), panel size and composition undisclosed"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-04-google-ads-tests-exact-and-phrase-match-ads-in-ai-mode","establishes":"That Google is testing keyword-targeted Search text ads inside AI Mode responses, not just Shopping/PMax feeds.","flag":"Google-confirmed small experiment; no scope or duration disclosed"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-10-amazon-ads-pilots-chatgpt-ads-buying-through-its-dsp","establishes":"That Amazon Ads now resells ChatGPT Ads inventory through its own DSP, a third buying channel alongside OpenAI's self-service and managed-sales tracks.","flag":"Amazon-announced pilot, US only, no named timeline or advertiser count beyond one pilot participant"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-11-adform-becomes-chatgpt-ads-first-european-tech-platform-partner","establishes":"That Adform is the first European-headquartered technology platform partner in ChatGPT Ads' roster, giving European agencies and advertisers a local route to manage ChatGPT campaigns.","flag":"reported by PPC Land and ExchangeWire, no OpenAI statement cited"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-17-chatgpt-ads-gets-hubspot-shopify-apps-and-sponsored-agents","establishes":"That ChatGPT Ads added HubSpot and Shopify integrations and is testing Sponsored Agents, a Business Agent-conversation ad format, with select US advertisers.","flag":"reported by PPC Land and Search Engine Roundtable, no OpenAI statement cited; pricing and transcript visibility undisclosed"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-08-19-chatgpt-ads-go-live-in-31-more-european-markets","date":"2026-08-19","note":"31 European markets went live at once, bringing the pilot to roughly 40 countries about six months after the February 9 US launch.","was":"ChatGPT Ads ran in nine markets, all English-language until August 17."}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-08-21-chatgpt-ads-makes-automated-bidding-the-default-for-new-ad-groups","date":"2026-08-21","note":"Automated bidding became the preselected default for new ad groups. The strategy carries no guarantee against a CPA, CPC or ROAS target, which moves spend risk onto advertisers who do not actively opt into a manual bid ceiling.","was":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-08-31-google-ai-mode-adds-inline-shopping-ad-carousel","date":"2026-08-31","note":"Google began showing a shopping ads carousel inline within AI Mode's response for the first time, alongside the existing ad unit below the results — the ad format's first move into the answer itself rather than beside it. Single-source and unconfirmed by Google.","was":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-08-31-chatgpt-ads-reaches-1-billion-annualized-revenue-run-rate","date":"2026-08-31","note":"OpenAI reported $1 billion in annualized revenue run rate in under 200 days after launch, and opened self-service Ads Manager access to India, Europe, the Middle East and North Africa — previously managed-sales only.","was":"OpenAI's enterprise CMO put ad revenue growth above 25% since the start of August, with roughly 40 countries live as of August 19."}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-09-03-financial-services-surges-into-chatgpt-s-top-ad-spenders","date":"2026-09-03","note":"Sensor Tower's April-August window shows the concentration shifting: financial services grew from one top-100 advertiser to four of the top ten spenders, its share of US ad spend rising from 2% to 13%, while shopping and retail's share fell from 37% to 21% and travel rose from 5% to 11%. Ad density (ads shown per user per hour) rose 163% over the same period, averaging 26% monthly growth, with roughly 1,200 unique advertisers active by August.","was":"Retail and fashion drew 39% of observed US ad placements on 24% of query volume, per Adthena's March-May window."}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-09-03-comscore-sponsored-chatgpt-ads-hit-24-of-hotel-prompts","date":"2026-09-03","note":"Comscore began tracking sponsored ChatGPT links via opt-in panel data on real prompts rather than synthetic tests. In its first tracked category, hotel-related prompts carrying a sponsored link rose from 6% in March to 14% in April to 24% in May — a fourfold increase in three months, corroborating the travel-spend shift Sensor Tower measured separately.","was":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-09-04-google-ads-tests-exact-and-phrase-match-ads-in-ai-mode","date":"2026-09-04","note":"Google confirmed testing keyword-targeted Search text ads inside AI Mode responses, limited to exact and phrase match keywords with explicit purchase intent — a second ad format moving into the answer, after the Aug. 31 shopping carousel.","was":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-09-10-amazon-ads-pilots-chatgpt-ads-buying-through-its-dsp","date":"2026-09-10","note":"Amazon Ads began piloting ChatGPT Ads inventory access through its own DSP for select US advertisers, with Amazon managing the buy and OpenAI still controlling ad placement — a third route into ChatGPT ad inventory alongside OpenAI's self-service Ads Manager and managed sales. No timeline given for expanding beyond the pilot.","was":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-09-11-adform-becomes-chatgpt-ads-first-european-tech-platform-partner","date":"2026-09-11","note":"Adform became the first European-headquartered name on OpenAI's ChatGPT Ads technology platform partner roster, letting its clients manage ChatGPT campaigns alongside their other Adform-run media and connect ChatGPT-driven conversions to a single customer-journey view. Volkswagen and Vodafone named as early clients.","was":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-09-17-chatgpt-ads-gets-hubspot-shopify-apps-and-sponsored-agents","date":"2026-09-17","note":"OpenAI added HubSpot and Shopify as ChatGPT Ads' first CRM and ecommerce integrations, and began testing Sponsored Agents — a labeled ad format that opens a separate conversation with the advertiser's own AI agent instead of an outbound click — with select US advertisers. Ads Manager also gained per-platform targeting and reporting (Android, iOS, web, desktop) and 7/14/30-day attribution windows, up from a fixed one day. No pricing or transcript visibility disclosed for Sponsored Agents.","was":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-11-chatgpt-ads-appear-on-a-quarter-of-commercial-prompts","subject":"ChatGPT — ad load","position":"25.94% of more than 50,000 commercial prompts across 20 niches carried an ad; across all US queries the figure is 4.47%, averaging 1.06 ad items per response.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-07-23-ads-appear-on-a-third-of-commercial-ai-mode-queries-analysis-finds","subject":"Google AI Mode — ad load","position":"Ads on nearly one in three commercial-keyword queries, and an average of 3.53 ad items per response across Google's AI surfaces — a heavier load than ChatGPT's.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-11-chatgpt-ads-appear-on-a-quarter-of-commercial-prompts","subject":"Overlap with citation","position":"Near zero. 3.63% of advertisers whose ads ran were also cited as a source in the answer above them, and 14.35% of ads shown were unrelated to the conversation around them.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-24-retail-takes-39-of-chatgpt-ad-slots-on-24-of-queries","subject":"Category concentration — ad placement (Adthena, Mar-May)","position":"Retail and fashion drew 39% of observed US ad placements on 24% of query volume. Logistics and home-and-garden carried the highest ad frequency, at 12.41% and 11.99%.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-03-financial-services-surges-into-chatgpt-s-top-ad-spenders","subject":"Category concentration — ad spend (Sensor Tower, Apr-Aug)","position":"Financial services grew from one top-100 advertiser in April 2026 to four of the top ten spenders in August, and from 2% to 13% of total US ad spend; shopping and retail fell from 37% to 21% over the same span, and travel rose from 5% to 11%.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-03-financial-services-surges-into-chatgpt-s-top-ad-spenders","subject":"Ad density and advertiser growth","position":"Ads shown per user per hour rose 163% from April to August 2026, averaging 26% monthly growth; roughly 1,200 unique advertisers were active by August, up 43% month over month since May. The carousel ad format tested from August 7 reached 23% of US desktop ad impressions in the back half of August.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-03-comscore-sponsored-chatgpt-ads-hit-24-of-hotel-prompts","subject":"Independent measurement — Comscore (hotel vertical)","position":"Comscore, tracking real opt-in panel prompts rather than synthetic ones, found sponsored links in hotel-related ChatGPT prompts rose from 6% in March 2026 to 14% in April to 24% in May — its first tracked category. Panel size and composition undisclosed.","status":"thin"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-31-google-ai-mode-adds-inline-shopping-ad-carousel","subject":"Google AI Mode — ad placement","position":"As of August 31, 2026, a shopping ads carousel appears inline within the AI Mode response itself, in addition to the existing ad unit below it — a single tracker's finding, not yet confirmed by Google.","status":"thin"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-04-google-ads-tests-exact-and-phrase-match-ads-in-ai-mode","subject":"Google AI Mode — text ads","position":"Google confirmed testing regular Search-campaign text ads inside AI Mode, limited for now to exact and phrase match keywords with explicit purchase intent — a second ad format moving into the response, alongside the shopping carousel. No disclosed scope or duration.","status":"thin"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-21-chatgpt-ads-adds-platform-targeting-but-reporting-still-lags","subject":"Measurement","position":"Behind the controls it is meant to measure. Platform targeting reports only Mobile/Desktop; view-through conversions are excluded from CPA, bidding and billing; automated bidding is the default with no performance guarantee.","status":"thin"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-31-chatgpt-ads-reaches-1-billion-annualized-revenue-run-rate","subject":"Revenue","position":"$1 billion in annualized revenue run rate in under 200 days after launch, per OpenAI — self-reported and unaudited, not an actual (non-annualized) revenue figure.","status":"thin"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-17-chatgpt-ads-gets-hubspot-shopify-apps-and-sponsored-agents","subject":"Distribution — CRM and ecommerce integrations","position":"HubSpot and Shopify became ChatGPT Ads' first CRM and ecommerce integrations on September 16, letting merchants and sales teams manage campaigns without leaving those platforms; Shopify reaches non-US merchants September 23. The same rollout added per-platform targeting and reporting and 7/14/30-day attribution windows, up from a fixed one day.","status":"moving"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-17-chatgpt-ads-gets-hubspot-shopify-apps-and-sponsored-agents","subject":"Sponsored Agents test","position":"A labeled ChatGPT ad format that lets a user click into a separate conversation with the advertiser's own AI agent, rather than an outbound link — testing with select US advertisers since September 16. No pricing or transcript visibility disclosed.","status":"thin"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:engines"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:tools"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:aeo"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:ads-in-answers","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:google-search"}
{"kind":"node","id":"claim:legal-exposure","type":"Claim","question":"Will the courts stop AI engines from using my content?","claim":"Not so far. The one concluded case produced a price rather than a prohibition — roughly $3,000 per work — while 143 AI copyright suits remain pending nationwide, 27 against OpenAI and 15 against Microsoft. Courts are reaching opposite results on near-identical theories, a First Amendment defense has appeared from three sets of defendants in six months, the Justice Department has now filed its first formal position on the fair-use question underlying nearly all of them — backing it — a new suit has added a trademark-dilution theory that stands apart from copyright altogether, and the first federal appeals ruling on an AI-output copyright question, from the Ninth Circuit, went to the AI company.","status":"moving","asof":"2026-09-17","url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/state/#legal-exposure"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-22-wikihow-sues-openai-over-ai-training-query-use","establishes":"The pending caseload — 137 AI copyright suits nationwide, 24 against OpenAI — as counted three weeks earlier.","flag":"single-source count, from one litigation tracker; superseded by the 2026-09-17 count above"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-17-tampa-bay-times-publisher-sues-openai-microsoft","establishes":"That a second newspaper publisher sued OpenAI and Microsoft in under two weeks, and the pending caseload's newest self-reported count — 143 suits nationwide, 27 against OpenAI, 15 against Microsoft.","flag":"single-source count, from the complaint's own tally"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-28-bartz-v-anthropic-settlement-effective-payouts-due-sept-17","establishes":"The first concluded price and that the settlement had taken effect.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-03-bartz-v-anthropic-payout-pushed-to-nov-15-at-2-203-56-per-work","establishes":"The revised payout timeline — a first installment of $2,203.56 per work by Nov. 15, 2026 — and the process (consolidated statements, contest window) behind the delay.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-02-justice-department-backs-fair-use-in-openai-copyright-case","establishes":"The first formal federal government position on the fair-use question underlying nearly every pending AI-copyright suit.","flag":"DOJ Statement of Interest — states the government's view, not binding on the court"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-07-31-reddit-s-dmca-suit-against-perplexity-serpapi-survives-dismissal-bid","establishes":"That near-identical DMCA theories are producing opposite results.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-08-nyt-ziff-davis-lose-bid-to-revive-copyright-claims-against-microsoft","establishes":"That the contributory-infringement route is foreclosed, and why.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-05-9th-circuit-reverses-perplexity-cfaa-injunction-in-amazon-suit","establishes":"The only appellate answer so far on whether an agentic browser violates the CFAA.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-26-judge-mehta-calls-google-s-ai-overviews-unfair-to-publishers","establishes":"That the judge who found Google an illegal monopoly has questioned AI Overviews' fairness to publishers.","flag":"remark at a hearing, not a ruling"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-28-news-media-alliance-opposes-databricks-summary-judgment-bid","establishes":"That a fair-use summary-judgment hearing is scheduled for October 30, 2026.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-05-seattle-times-newsday-sue-openai-microsoft-over-ai-use","establishes":"The first trademark-dilution theory in the record, built on AI outputs that hallucinate content and misattribute it to a publisher.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-04-ross-intelligence-flags-doj-s-fair-use-view-to-third-circuit","establishes":"That the DOJ's fair-use position is now being cited by a party outside the case it was filed in, in an appeal that predates the current wave of AI-copyright suits.","flag":"a party's Rule 28(j) letter — not a court adopting or citing the position itself"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-09-microsoft-nadella-face-third-ai-copyright-shareholder-derivative-suit","establishes":"That copyright litigation risk is now being tested against a company's board directly, via a third shareholder derivative suit expected to consolidate with the two before it.","flag":"single-source report (Chat GPT Is Eating the World); no ruling yet on the theory"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-11-anthropic-defends-its-fair-use-counterclaim-in-gilbert-copyright-fight","establishes":"The first instance of a covenant not to sue being used to try to moot an AI company's fair-use counterclaim, and the company's argument against it.","flag":"single case, pro se plaintiff; no ruling yet on the motion to dismiss"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-16-ninth-circuit-backs-github-copilot-in-copyright-tag-case","establishes":"The first federal circuit-court ruling on whether AI-generated output can violate the DMCA's CMI-removal provision, and that the court rejected the district court's own reasoning even while affirming its result.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-16-concord-music-v-anthropic-heads-to-oct-21-hearing","establishes":"That Concord Music v. Anthropic I is one of only three AI copyright cases nationwide with completed summary-judgment briefing, and the first of the three scheduled to be heard.","flag":"single-source litigation tracker (Chat GPT Is Eating the World)"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-09-16-cambronne-v-anthropic-opt-out-trial-set-for-2028","establishes":"The opt-out class's own schedule, running years behind the Bartz settlement track it declined.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-09-17-tampa-bay-times-publisher-sues-openai-microsoft","date":"2026-09-17","note":"Times Publishing Company (Tampa Bay Times) sued OpenAI and Microsoft, the second newspaper publisher to do so in under two weeks after the Seattle Times and Newsday's Sept. 4 suit. Per this complaint's own count, the industry total is now 143 suits, 27 against OpenAI and 15 against Microsoft.","was":"137 AI copyright suits were pending nationwide, 24 against OpenAI, per the wikiHow complaint's Aug. 22 count."}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-09-16-ninth-circuit-backs-github-copilot-in-copyright-tag-case","date":"2026-09-16","note":"The Ninth Circuit affirmed dismissal of that claim against GitHub Copilot — the first federal circuit ruling on the question — while rejecting the district court's own \"identicality requirement\" reasoning as a misnomer.","was":"No federal appeals court had ruled on whether AI-generated output can violate the DMCA's copyright-management-information provision."}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-09-16-concord-music-v-anthropic-heads-to-oct-21-hearing","date":"2026-09-16","note":"Summary judgment briefing closed in Concord Music v. Anthropic I, with a hearing set for October 21, 2026 — one of only three AI copyright cases nationwide to reach that stage this year, and the first scheduled to be heard.","was":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-09-16-cambronne-v-anthropic-opt-out-trial-set-for-2028","date":"2026-09-16","note":"Judge Pitts set a scheduling order for Cambronne v. Anthropic: non-expert summary judgment motions due May 13, 2027, trial not until 2028 — years behind Bartz class members, whose first settlement payout is due by Nov. 15, 2026.","was":"The opt-out track for authors who declined the Bartz settlement had no published schedule."}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-08-08-nyt-ziff-davis-lose-bid-to-revive-copyright-claims-against-microsoft","date":"2026-08-08","note":"The Supreme Court's Cox Communications decision foreclosed the material-contribution theory; the NYT, Daily News and Ziff Davis claims against Microsoft were dismissed with prejudice.","was":"Publishers were pursuing contributory-infringement theories against platform intermediaries."}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-08-28-bartz-v-anthropic-settlement-effective-payouts-due-sept-17","date":"2026-08-28","note":"The Bartz settlement became effective August 20, starting a 28-day payout clock at roughly $3,000 per work, due September 17 — the first concrete cost in the record for training on pirated books.","was":"No AI training case had produced a price."}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-09-02-justice-department-backs-fair-use-in-openai-copyright-case","date":"2026-09-01","note":"The Justice Department filed a Statement of Interest in the OpenAI copyright litigation backing fair use and calling the market-dilution theory \"deeply flawed\" — not binding on the court, but the first formal federal position on the question underlying nearly every pending suit.","was":"No branch of the federal government had taken a position on whether training AI on copyrighted text is fair use."}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-09-03-bartz-v-anthropic-payout-pushed-to-nov-15-at-2-203-56-per-work","date":"2026-09-03","note":"Class counsel now puts the first payout — $2,203.56 per work — on or before Nov. 15, 2026, after a Sept. 4 consolidated-statement mailing and a 30-day contest window; a second payment is expected to bring the total toward roughly $3,000 per work.","was":"Bartz payouts were estimated due by September 17, 2026."}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-09-05-seattle-times-newsday-sue-openai-microsoft-over-ai-use","date":"2026-09-04","note":"The Seattle Times and Newsday added a Lanham Act trademark-dilution count against OpenAI and Microsoft, arguing AI hallucinations misattributed to a publisher tarnish its marks — a claim that survives independently of the fair-use question.","was":"No suit against an AI company had pursued a theory outside copyright, DMCA, contributory infringement, CFAA or antitrust."}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-09-04-ross-intelligence-flags-doj-s-fair-use-view-to-third-circuit","date":"2026-09-04","note":"ROSS Intelligence cited the DOJ's Statement of Interest in a Rule 28(j) letter to the Third Circuit hearing Thomson Reuters v. ROSS Intelligence, arguing the position applies broadly to AI training — the first sign of the DOJ's view being invoked outside the case it was filed in.","was":"The DOJ's fair-use position existed only within the OpenAI MDL litigation it was filed in."}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"moved_by","to":"item:2026-09-11-anthropic-defends-its-fair-use-counterclaim-in-gilbert-copyright-fight","date":"2026-09-11","note":"Gilbert, who is suing Anthropic without a lawyer over his book, promised not to sue over the copies Anthropic made to train its models, then asked the court to throw out Anthropic's fair-use claim as no longer worth deciding. Anthropic objected: its claim rests on the infringement case Gilbert is still pursuing and on his argument that the court may not consider why Anthropic copied — not on any fear of a second lawsuit.","was":"No author suing on his own, without a lawyer, had tried to keep a court from ruling on an AI company's fair-use defense by promising not to sue over the copies made for training."}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-17-tampa-bay-times-publisher-sues-openai-microsoft","subject":"Copyright — training data","position":"143 suits pending nationwide, 27 against OpenAI and 15 against Microsoft, per the newest complaint's own count. One settlement concluded, at roughly $3,000 per work. Suits now reach executives personally: Sony Music names Dario Amodei and Benjamin Mann.","status":"moving"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-02-justice-department-backs-fair-use-in-openai-copyright-case","subject":"Federal government position (fair use)","position":"The DOJ's first formal word on the question: a Statement of Interest backing fair use for AI training and calling the market-dilution theory \"deeply flawed.\" One filing, not a ruling, and no other government position exists to corroborate or contradict it — though a defendant in an unrelated appeal has since cited it to the Third Circuit.","status":"thin"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-07-31-reddit-s-dmca-suit-against-perplexity-serpapi-survives-dismissal-bid","subject":"DMCA anti-circumvention","position":"Split. Google's claims against SerpApi were mostly dismissed with prejudice; Reddit's near-identical claims against Perplexity and SerpApi survived dismissal days later before a different judge.","status":"contested"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-08-nyt-ziff-davis-lose-bid-to-revive-copyright-claims-against-microsoft","subject":"Contributory infringement","position":"Closing. Dismissed with prejudice for the NYT, Daily News and Ziff Davis against Microsoft after the Supreme Court's Cox Communications decision foreclosed the material-contribution theory.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-05-9th-circuit-reverses-perplexity-cfaa-injunction-in-amazon-suit","subject":"CFAA — agentic browsing","position":"Favors the agent, on the only appellate answer so far. The Ninth Circuit found Perplexity's Comet unlikely to violate the CFAA because it acts on user direction rather than accessing servers on its own.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-16-ninth-circuit-backs-github-copilot-in-copyright-tag-case","subject":"DMCA — copyright management information (CMI) removal","position":"Favors the AI company, on the first federal appellate ruling on the question. The Ninth Circuit affirmed dismissal of a claim that GitHub Copilot violated copyright law by stripping CMI from code it reused — but rejected the district court's own \"identicality requirement\" reasoning as a misnomer, declining to endorse it even while agreeing with the result.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-26-judge-mehta-calls-google-s-ai-overviews-unfair-to-publishers","subject":"Antitrust and competition","position":"The fastest-moving track. Judge Mehta called Google's use of publisher content in AI Overviews \"seems really unfair\" while hearing Penske Media's suit; nearly 300 French newspapers filed a competition complaint over AI Overviews in France.","status":"moving"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-28-perplexity-raises-first-amendment-defense-in-reddit-s-dmca-suit","subject":"First Amendment defense","position":"An emerging posture rather than a tested one. Three sets of defendants have raised it since March 2026 — Musk/Tesla/Warner Bros. Discovery, then Anthropic, then Perplexity. No court has ruled on it in this context.","status":"thin"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-05-seattle-times-newsday-sue-openai-microsoft-over-ai-use","subject":"Trademark dilution (Lanham Act)","position":"A single instance so far. The Seattle Times and Newsday's Sept. 4 suit against OpenAI and Microsoft argues that AI hallucinations misattributed to a publisher tarnish its marks — a theory that stands apart from the fair-use question and has not been tested in this context.","status":"thin"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-09-microsoft-nadella-face-third-ai-copyright-shareholder-derivative-suit","subject":"Shareholder derivative suits (board oversight)","position":"A forming pattern, not yet a ruling. Three suits now allege Microsoft's board approved or was exposed to copyright infringement risk and misrepresented it to shareholders; the third, filed Sept. 9 against Nadella and the board, is expected to be consolidated with the other two.","status":"moving"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-09-11-anthropic-defends-its-fair-use-counterclaim-in-gilbert-copyright-fight","subject":"Covenant not to sue vs. fair-use counterclaim","position":"One instance, unresolved. Gilbert's covenant not to sue reaches only Anthropic's \"training copies\" of his book, not his still-pending infringement claim over its retention as a resource — so Anthropic argues the covenant can't moot the fair-use counterclaim it filed against him.","status":"thin"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:legal-exposure","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:law-money"}
{"kind":"node","id":"claim:cited-vs-recommended","type":"Claim","question":"I'm getting cited. Am I getting recommended?","claim":"Not necessarily — being cited, being named and being recommended are three different outcomes with different drivers, and the record separates them. Across 1,094 ChatGPT categories the most-cited domain was the most-mentioned brand only 20.8% of the time. Citation measures whose page an engine used; recommendation tracks how well the engine already knows your brand.","status":"settled","asof":"2026-08-25","url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/state/#cited-vs-recommended"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:cited-vs-recommended","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-07-29-analysis-most-ai-search-demand-still-has-no-clear-chatgpt-category","establishes":"That the most-cited domain and the most-mentioned brand are usually not the same, with the size of the gap.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:cited-vs-recommended","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-07-29-writesonic-study-finds-ai-engines-often-skip-naming-source-brands","establishes":"That naming diverges from citation, and by how much per engine.","flag":"Writesonic study — vendor-published"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:cited-vs-recommended","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-07-30-study-finds-ai-models-search-more-often-for-brands-they-already-know","establishes":"That prior familiarity drives whether a model looks for you at all.","flag":"geoSurge study — vendor-published"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:cited-vs-recommended","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-25-llms-favor-well-known-brands-until-reviews-tip-the-scale","establishes":"The incumbent advantage, the review threshold that overturns it, and the collapse when every brand runs the same tactics.","flag":null}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:cited-vs-recommended","rel":"evidence","to":"item:2026-08-23-ai-assistants-miss-85-6-of-bali-restaurants-in-market-census","establishes":"How much of a real market never gets recommended at all, and that a website moves it where star rating does not.","flag":"Norly Research study — vendor-published, funded and conducted by an AI-visibility vendor"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:cited-vs-recommended","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-07-23-ahrefs-ranks-the-50-most-cited-domains-across-four-ai-surfaces","subject":"Cited","position":"Your URL appears as a source under the answer. This is what citation-share tools measure, and it is the only one of the three most of them measure.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:cited-vs-recommended","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-07-29-writesonic-study-finds-ai-engines-often-skip-naming-source-brands","subject":"Named","position":"Your brand appears in the answer text, with or without a link. Engines skip naming the source brand between 19% (Microsoft Copilot) and 52% (Perplexity) of the time, so citation and naming diverge by engine before anything else does.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:cited-vs-recommended","rel":"position","to":"item:2026-08-25-llms-favor-well-known-brands-until-reviews-tip-the-scale","subject":"Recommended","position":"The engine puts you forward as the answer. Driven mostly by prior brand familiarity, then by reviews at the margin — not by the page-level work that moves citation.","status":"settled"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:cited-vs-recommended","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:aeo"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:cited-vs-recommended","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:research"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"claim:cited-vs-recommended","rel":"in_lane","to":"lane:engines"}
{"kind":"node","id":"case:bartz-v-anthropic","type":"Case","case":"Bartz v. Anthropic","parties":"Authors' class action over books used to train Claude; settled","court":"not stated in the record; fee appeal is to the Ninth Circuit","next":{"date":"2026-11-15","what":"First class payout, $2,203.56 per work, due on or before this date"},"docs":[{"label":"Docket (CourtListener)","url":"https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/69058235/bartz-v-anthropic-pbc/"}],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#bartz-v-anthropic"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:bartz-v-anthropic","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-09-03-bartz-v-anthropic-payout-pushed-to-nov-15-at-2-203-56-per-work"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:bartz-v-anthropic","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-08-28-bartz-v-anthropic-settlement-effective-payouts-due-sept-17"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:bartz-v-anthropic","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-08-19-publishers-appeal-fee-ruling-in-anthropic-book-piracy-suit"}
{"kind":"node","id":"case:gilbert-v-anthropic","type":"Case","case":"Gilbert v. Anthropic","parties":"Author Daniel Gilbert, pro se after opting out of the Bartz class, over Hacking World of Warcraft","court":"not stated in the record","next":null,"docs":[],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#gilbert-v-anthropic"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:gilbert-v-anthropic","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-09-11-anthropic-defends-its-fair-use-counterclaim-in-gilbert-copyright-fight"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:gilbert-v-anthropic","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-08-28-gilbert-pledges-not-to-sue-anthropic-over-ai-training-copies"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:gilbert-v-anthropic","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-08-20-anthropic-adds-first-amendment-defense-in-gilbert-suit"}
{"kind":"node","id":"case:shakespeare-v-anthropic","type":"Case","case":"Shakespeare v. Anthropic","parties":"Authors over training data; amended to name Dario Amodei and Benjamin Mann personally","court":"not stated in the record","next":null,"docs":[],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#shakespeare-v-anthropic"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:shakespeare-v-anthropic","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-08-19-authors-amend-anthropic-suit-add-claims-against-amodei"}
{"kind":"node","id":"case:sony-music-publishing-v-anthropic","type":"Case","case":"Sony Music Publishing v. Anthropic","parties":"Music publisher over training data: torrenting, contributory infringement against Amodei and Mann, CMI removal","court":"N.D. Cal.; expected before Judge Eumi Lee, who has the Concord and BMG suits","next":null,"docs":[{"label":"Docket entry 93, Concord v. Anthropic (CourtListener)","url":"https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/72199828/93/concord-music-group-inc-v-anthropic-pbc/"}],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#sony-music-publishing-v-anthropic"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:sony-music-publishing-v-anthropic","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-08-29-sony-music-publishing-sues-anthropic-over-training-data"}
{"kind":"node","id":"case:anthropic-v-department-of-war","type":"Case","case":"Anthropic v. U.S. Department of War","parties":"Anthropic's First Amendment challenge to its designation as a supply-chain risk","court":"Judge Rita Lin","next":null,"docs":[],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#anthropic-v-department-of-war"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:anthropic-v-department-of-war","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-08-28-anthropic-wins-first-amendment-ruling-against-department-of-war"}
{"kind":"node","id":"case:google-v-serpapi","type":"Case","case":"Google v. SerpApi","parties":"DMCA anti-circumvention claims against a search-results scraper","court":"N.D. Cal., Chief Judge Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers","next":null,"docs":[],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#google-v-serpapi"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:google-v-serpapi","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-08-28-serpapi-seeks-to-dismiss-google-s-amended-dmca-complaint"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:google-v-serpapi","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-08-11-google-refiles-dmca-claim-against-scraper-serpapi"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:google-v-serpapi","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-07-28-judge-dismisses-most-of-google-s-dmca-case-against-scraper-serpapi"}
{"kind":"node","id":"case:reddit-v-perplexity-serpapi","type":"Case","case":"Reddit v. Perplexity and SerpApi","parties":"DMCA anti-circumvention claims over scraping of Reddit content","court":"S.D.N.Y.","next":null,"docs":[],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#reddit-v-perplexity-serpapi"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:reddit-v-perplexity-serpapi","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-08-28-perplexity-raises-first-amendment-defense-in-reddit-s-dmca-suit"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:reddit-v-perplexity-serpapi","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-07-31-reddit-s-dmca-suit-against-perplexity-serpapi-survives-dismissal-bid"}
{"kind":"node","id":"case:amazon-v-perplexity","type":"Case","case":"Amazon v. Perplexity","parties":"CFAA claims over Perplexity's Comet agentic browser acting on Amazon.com","court":"Ninth Circuit","next":null,"docs":[],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#amazon-v-perplexity"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:amazon-v-perplexity","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-08-05-9th-circuit-reverses-perplexity-cfaa-injunction-in-amazon-suit"}
{"kind":"node","id":"case:cnn-v-perplexity","type":"Case","case":"CNN v. Perplexity","parties":"Copyright claims over training inputs and outputs","court":"not stated in the record","next":null,"docs":[],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#cnn-v-perplexity"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:cnn-v-perplexity","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-08-22-perplexity-moves-to-dismiss-most-of-cnn-s-claims"}
{"kind":"node","id":"case:in-re-openai-copyright-mdl","type":"Case","case":"In re OpenAI Copyright Infringement Litigation","parties":"Consolidated publisher and author suits against OpenAI and Microsoft — the New York Times, Daily News, Ziff Davis and others","court":"S.D.N.Y., Judge Sidney Stein","next":null,"docs":[{"label":"Filing 1661 (CourtListener PDF)","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.640396/gov.uscourts.nysd.640396.1661.0.pdf"},{"label":"Filing 1662 (CourtListener PDF)","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.640396/gov.uscourts.nysd.640396.1662.0.pdf"}],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#in-re-openai-copyright-mdl"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:in-re-openai-copyright-mdl","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-09-05-seattle-times-newsday-sue-openai-microsoft-over-ai-use"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:in-re-openai-copyright-mdl","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-09-02-justice-department-backs-fair-use-in-openai-copyright-case"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:in-re-openai-copyright-mdl","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-08-08-nyt-ziff-davis-lose-bid-to-revive-copyright-claims-against-microsoft"}
{"kind":"node","id":"case:seattle-times-newsday-v-openai","type":"Case","case":"Seattle Times and Newsday v. OpenAI and Microsoft","parties":"Copyright, DMCA and — a first on this record — Lanham Act trademark dilution over hallucinated content misattributed to the papers","court":"S.D.N.Y., filed Sept. 4; to join the OpenAI MDL","next":null,"docs":[],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#seattle-times-newsday-v-openai"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:seattle-times-newsday-v-openai","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-09-05-seattle-times-newsday-sue-openai-microsoft-over-ai-use"}
{"kind":"node","id":"case:sullivan-v-openai","type":"Case","case":"Sullivan et al. v. OpenAI","parties":"Textbook authors over training data","court":"S.D.N.Y., filed Aug. 14","next":null,"docs":[{"label":"Docket (CourtListener)","url":"https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/74652896/sullivan-v-openai-foundation-fka-openai-inc/"}],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#sullivan-v-openai"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:sullivan-v-openai","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-08-16-openai-sued-by-textbook-authors-over-training-data"}
{"kind":"node","id":"case:wikihow-v-openai","type":"Case","case":"wikiHow v. OpenAI","parties":"Copyright over training inputs and query responses, vicarious infringement, DMCA CMI removal","court":"not stated in the record","next":null,"docs":[],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#wikihow-v-openai"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:wikihow-v-openai","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-08-22-wikihow-sues-openai-over-ai-training-query-use"}
{"kind":"node","id":"case:in-re-google-generative-ai-copyright","type":"Case","case":"In re Google Generative AI Copyright Litigation","parties":"Consolidated claims over training Gemini; publishers Cengage and Hachette withdrew a motion to intervene","court":"Judge Eumi Lee","next":null,"docs":[{"label":"Hachette v. Google docket (CourtListener)","url":"https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/73603888/hachette-book-group-inc-v-google-llc/"},{"label":"Complaint (PDF, via AAP)","url":"https://publishers.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Hachette-v.-Google-Dkt.-1-Complaint2.pdf"}],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#in-re-google-generative-ai-copyright"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:in-re-google-generative-ai-copyright","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-08-22-judge-denies-google-fee-bid-as-publishers-drop-suit"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:in-re-google-generative-ai-copyright","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-07-20-publishers-file-class-action-over-books-used-to-train-gemini"}
{"kind":"node","id":"case:penske-v-google","type":"Case","case":"Penske Media v. Google","parties":"Antitrust: search dominance used to obtain publisher content for AI Overviews without compensation","court":"Judge Amit Mehta","next":null,"docs":[],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#penske-v-google"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:penske-v-google","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-08-26-judge-mehta-calls-google-s-ai-overviews-unfair-to-publishers"}
{"kind":"node","id":"case:us-v-google-remedy-appeal","type":"Case","case":"United States v. Google (search remedy appeal)","parties":"Appeal of Judge Mehta's six-year data-sharing and syndication remedy","court":"D.C. Circuit","next":null,"docs":[],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#us-v-google-remedy-appeal"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:us-v-google-remedy-appeal","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-08-08-amicus-brief-urges-d-c-circuit-to-toughen-google-s-ai-antitrust-remedy"}
{"kind":"node","id":"case:in-re-mosaic-llm","type":"Case","case":"In re Mosaic LLM Litigation (Databricks)","parties":"Five authors over training MPT and DBRX on their books","court":"N.D. Cal., Judge Charles Breyer","next":{"date":"2026-10-30","what":"Hearing before Judge Breyer on whether the case can be decided without a trial (summary judgment)"},"docs":[],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#in-re-mosaic-llm"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:in-re-mosaic-llm","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-08-28-news-media-alliance-opposes-databricks-summary-judgment-bid"}
{"kind":"node","id":"case:thomson-reuters-v-ross","type":"Case","case":"Thomson Reuters v. ROSS Intelligence","parties":"One of the earliest fair-use rulings against an AI company, on appeal","court":"Third Circuit","next":null,"docs":[],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#thomson-reuters-v-ross"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:thomson-reuters-v-ross","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-09-04-ross-intelligence-flags-doj-s-fair-use-view-to-third-circuit"}
{"kind":"node","id":"case:gray-v-nadella","type":"Case","case":"Gray v. Nadella et al.","parties":"Shareholder derivative suit over copyright-infringement risk at Microsoft — the third of its kind","court":"W.D. Wash., filed Sept. 9; expected to consolidate before Judge Rothstein with Anderson and Gusinsky Trust","next":null,"docs":[],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#gray-v-nadella"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:gray-v-nadella","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-09-09-microsoft-nadella-face-third-ai-copyright-shareholder-derivative-suit"}
{"kind":"node","id":"case:afm-v-warner-umg","type":"Case","case":"American Federation of Musicians v. Warner Music Group and Universal Music Group","parties":"Union claims that the labels licensed recordings to Suno and Udio without paying contractual new-use fees","court":"not stated in the record","next":null,"docs":[],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#afm-v-warner-umg"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"case:afm-v-warner-umg","rel":"development","to":"item:2026-08-20-musicians-union-drops-warner-but-not-umg-from-ai-suit"}
{"kind":"node","id":"regulation:eu-dma-google-fine","type":"RegulatoryAction","actor":"European Commission","action":"Fined Alphabet €460 million under DMA Article 6(5) for self-preferencing nine Google services in search ranking and crawling; the decision excludes AI Overviews.","date":"2026-07-23","next":{"date":"2026-09-21","what":"Approximate end of Google's 60-day window to end the practice"},"docs":[],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#eu-dma-google-fine"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"regulation:eu-dma-google-fine","rel":"reported_in","to":"item:2026-09-03-eu-fines-google-460-million-for-dma-search-self-preferencing"}
{"kind":"node","id":"regulation:eu-chatgpt-vlose","type":"RegulatoryAction","actor":"European Commission","action":"Designated ChatGPT a very large online search engine under the DSA — the third after Google Search and Bing, and the first non-traditional engine.","date":"2026-08-31","next":null,"docs":[{"label":"Commission press release","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_1772"},{"label":"Designation notice (digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu)","url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-designates-chatgpt-reddit-roblox-under-digital-services-act"}],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#eu-chatgpt-vlose"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"regulation:eu-chatgpt-vlose","rel":"reported_in","to":"item:2026-08-31-eu-designates-chatgpt-a-very-large-online-search-engine"}
{"kind":"node","id":"regulation:uk-cma-opt-out","type":"RegulatoryAction","actor":"UK Competition and Markets Authority","action":"Ordered Google to give publishers an AI opt-out and attribution rights.","date":"2026-08-01","next":null,"docs":[{"label":"CMA consultation on Google's conduct requirements (gov.uk)","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/googles-general-search-services-proposed-conduct-requirements"}],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#uk-cma-opt-out"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"regulation:uk-cma-opt-out","rel":"reported_in","to":"item:2026-08-01-uk-s-cma-orders-google-to-give-publishers-ai-opt-out-and-attribution"}
{"kind":"node","id":"regulation:fr-apig-complaint","type":"RegulatoryAction","actor":"Alliance de la Presse d'Information Générale (France)","action":"Complaint to France's competition authority: AI Overviews, launched in France without publisher consent, breach the 2022 compensation agreement under which Google was fined €250 million in 2024.","date":"2026-08-11","next":null,"docs":[],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#fr-apig-complaint"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"regulation:fr-apig-complaint","rel":"reported_in","to":"item:2026-08-11-french-publishers-file-complaint-against-google-ai-overviews"}
{"kind":"node","id":"regulation:us-bot-id-bill","type":"RegulatoryAction","actor":"U.S. Congress (bipartisan bill)","action":"A bill would require AI crawlers to identify themselves.","date":"2026-08-01","next":null,"docs":[],"url":"https://anythingengineoptimization.com/docket/#us-bot-id-bill"}
{"kind":"edge","from":"regulation:us-bot-id-bill","rel":"reported_in","to":"item:2026-08-01-bipartisan-bill-would-force-ai-crawlers-to-identify-themselves"}